switchyard_libsy/algorithms/util/

tool_signals.rs

// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright (c) 2026 NVIDIA CORPORATION & AFFILIATES. All rights reserved.
// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0

//! Tool-result context signals extracted from the conversation history.
//!
//! The extractor walks normalized messages, finds tool calls and results,
//! reads explicit failure flags, matches text against an error table, and aggregates
//! conversation-history metrics used by [`crate::StageRouter`] and the
//! advisor gate's request-side guards.
//!
//! All logic is pure and deterministic — no I/O, no shared state.

#![allow(dead_code)]

use std::collections::HashSet;
use std::path::Path;
use std::sync::LazyLock;

use async_trait::async_trait;
use regex::Regex;
use serde::Deserialize;
use serde_json::Value;
use switchyard_protocol::codex_namespaces::{split_qualified_name, tool_namespaces};
use switchyard_protocol::{ContentBlock, Request, Role, WireFormat};

use super::affinity::is_user_turn;
use crate::{LibsyError, Result};

use crate::core::processor::{Event, Processor};
use crate::core::state::State;

// ─── severity constants ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────

const SOFT: f32 = 0.3;
const HARD: f32 = 0.7;
const CRITICAL: f32 = 1.0;

// ─── pattern table ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

/// (name, severity, lower-cased substrings — any hit fires the pattern)
static ERROR_PATTERNS: &[(&str, f32, &[&str])] = &[
    (
        "oom",
        CRITICAL,
        &["out of memory", "memoryerror", "cannot allocate memory"],
    ),
    (
        "connection_refused",
        HARD,
        &[
            "connection refused",
            "connectionrefusederror",
            "econnrefused",
        ],
    ),
    ("traceback", HARD, &["traceback (most recent call last)"]),
    (
        "import_error",
        HARD,
        &["modulenotfounderror:", "importerror:", "no module named "],
    ),
    (
        "cmd_not_found",
        HARD,
        &["command not found", "not found\n", "/usr/bin/env: "],
    ),
    ("assertion", HARD, &["assertionerror"]),
    ("value_error", HARD, &["valueerror:"]),
    ("syntax_error", HARD, &["syntaxerror:"]),
    (
        "timeout",
        HARD,
        &[
            "timed out",
            "timeouterror",
            "timeout expired",
            "deadline exceeded",
        ],
    ),
    (
        "no_such_file",
        HARD,
        &[
            "filenotfounderror:",
            "no such file or directory",
            // Claude Code's missing-file message. Reads are exempt (`is_missing_file`).
            // Anchored as "file does not exist" (not a bare "does not exist", which
            // fires on `ls` output and prose) — trace-mined across 1006 local
            // trajectories at 22 true / 2 false positives.
            "file does not exist",
        ],
    ),
    // SOFT: plain non-zero exit without a recognisable exception traceback.
    ("exit_nonzero", SOFT, &["returned non-zero"]),
];

static NONZERO_EXIT_PHRASES: &[&str] = &[
    "exit code",
    "exit status",
    "exited with code",
    "exited with status",
];

static EDIT_TOOL_NAMES: &[&str] = &[
    "edit",
    "multiedit",
    "notebookedit",
    "str_replace",
    "str_replace_based_edit_tool",
    "apply_patch", // codex's edit tool
    "text_editor",
    "patch", // hermes's str_replace-style edit tool
];

/// Editor tools whose `command` argument picks the action. `view` only reads.
static EDITOR_TOOL_NAMES: &[&str] = &["str_replace_based_edit_tool", "text_editor"];

static WRITE_TOOL_NAMES: &[&str] = &["write", "create_file", "new_file", "write_file"];

// Bash subcommand patterns. Lowercased; callers must lowercase the command
// before matching. Bucketed into write_count / edit_count alongside the
// dedicated `Write` / `Edit` tools.
static BASH_WRITE_PATTERNS: &[&str] = &[
    "cat >",
    "cat >>",
    "echo >",
    "echo >>",
    "tee ",
    "printf >",
    "printf >>",
    "> /",
    ">> /",
    "<< 'eof'",
    "<<eof",
    "<<'eof'",
    "<< eof",
];

/// Python file-write expressions, which only indicate a write when an
/// interpreter is running them rather than a search looking for them.
static PYTHON_WRITE_PATTERNS: &[&str] = &["write_text(", "writelines(", ".write("];

static JAVASCRIPT_WRITE_PATTERNS: &[&str] = &[
    "writefilesync(",
    "writefile(",
    "appendfilesync(",
    "appendfile(",
];

static BASH_EDIT_PATTERNS: &[&str] = &[
    "sed -i",
    "sed --in-place",
    "awk -i inplace",
    "awk 'inplace=1'",
    "patch ",
    "patch -p",
    "perl -i",
    "perl -p -i",
    "perl -pi",
];

// Read-like Bash inspections. Match only when none of the write/edit patterns
// fire (redirection / in-place edit trumps the read intent of the command).
static BASH_READ_PATTERNS: &[&str] = &[
    "cat /", "cat ./", "cat ../", "grep ", "ls ", "ls -", "find ", "head ", "tail ", "wc ",
    "diff ", "which ", "ps ", "df ", "du ", "stat ", "file ", "less ", "more ",
];

/// Read-only shell programs seen in Codex trajectories. Matching is limited to
/// command-segment starts so prose and arguments do not masquerade as actions.
static BASH_READ_COMMANDS: &[&str] = &[
    "cat", "rg", "nl", "jq", "pwd", "tree", "sed", "grep", "ls", "find", "head", "tail", "wc",
    "diff", "which", "ps", "df", "du", "stat", "file", "less", "more", "readlink", "realpath",
    "basename", "dirname", "printenv",
];

static GIT_READ_SUBCOMMANDS: &[&str] = &[
    "status",
    "diff",
    "log",
    "show",
    "show-ref",
    "rev-parse",
    "ls-files",
    "ls-remote",
    "ls-tree",
    "grep",
    "blame",
    "merge-base",
    "check-ignore",
    "tag",
];

static READ_TOOL_NAMES: &[&str] = &[
    "read",
    "view",
    "read_file",
    "search_files",
    "glob",
    "grep",
    "find",
    "ls",
];

// Planning / scratchpad tool calls — investigative (non-producing) activity.
// `update_plan` is codex's equivalent of `todowrite`.
static PLAN_TOOL_NAMES: &[&str] = &[
    "todowrite",
    "todo_write",
    "todo",
    "update_plan",
    "todo_list",
];

// Tool names that route through Bash-command pattern matching. `bash` is
// claude-code's name; `shell_command` is codex's; `shell` / `local_shell_call`
// are seen on some OpenAI-derived harnesses; `terminal` is hermes's (it carries
// a `command` arg like the others, so its intent comes from the pattern match).
static BASH_TOOL_NAMES: &[&str] = &[
    "bash",
    "shell_command",
    "shell",
    "local_shell_call",
    "terminal",
    "exec_command", // codex
    "exec",         // openclaw
    "powershell",   // pi on Windows
];

// Prefer false negatives: tests_passed clears a capable hold, so a false positive
// could hand an unfinished task back too early.
static TEST_PASS_PHRASES: &[&str] = &[
    " passed",
    "passed in",
    "tests passed",
    "all tests passed",
    "test ok",
    "test result: ok",
    "passed.\n",
    "tests pass",
    "\nok ", // go test; newline-anchored to avoid "...lookup..." mid-text
    "✓ ",
];

// Literal failure phrases that cannot appear inside a clean run. Substring
// matched as-is. Patterns that pair with a count (e.g. "failed", "errors")
// are handled separately by `has_nonzero_failure_count` so "0 failed" /
// "0 errors" do not trigger a false negative.
static TEST_FAILURE_LITERAL: &[&str] = &["✗ ", "fatal:", "assertionerror", "error:"];

// Count-prefixed failure keywords. Trip only when a nonzero integer precedes
// the keyword (modulo whitespace), so cargo's "0 failed" and go's
// "0 errors" summaries on a clean run are not misread as failures.
static NUMERIC_FAILURE_KEYWORDS: &[&str] = &["failed", "failure", "failures", "errors", "error"];

/// Default sliding-window size for `recent_*` counts and windowed severity.
///
/// A short horizon captures "what is the agent doing right now" while keeping
/// signals sticky — an error or stall persists a few recovery turns instead of
/// flickering off the moment one clean result lands. Override per request by
/// passing a window to [`ToolSignals::from_request`].
pub const DEFAULT_RECENT_WINDOW: usize = 3;

/// Exact tool-name semantics added to the built-in vocabulary.
///
/// Matching is ASCII case-insensitive. An MCP or Codex namespaced tool also
/// matches by its bare tool name. These lists are additive: built-in tool names
/// cannot be reclassified.
#[derive(Clone, Debug, Default, Deserialize, PartialEq, Eq)]
#[serde(default, deny_unknown_fields)]
pub struct ToolSemantics {
    /// Read-only lookup or inspection tools.
    pub observe: Vec<String>,
    /// Tools that change task or external state.
    pub mutate: Vec<String>,
    /// Explicit planning or task-decomposition tools.
    pub plan: Vec<String>,
    /// Tools that demonstrate new forward activity without favoring either tier.
    pub new: Vec<String>,
}

impl ToolSemantics {
    /// Rejects ambiguous mappings and attempts to reclassify built-in tools.
    pub fn validate(&self) -> Result<()> {
        let mut seen: Vec<(String, &'static str)> = Vec::new();
        for (category, names) in [
            ("observe", &self.observe),
            ("mutate", &self.mutate),
            ("plan", &self.plan),
            ("new", &self.new),
        ] {
            for name in names {
                if name.trim().is_empty() {
                    return Err(tool_semantics_error(format!(
                        "tool_semantics.{category} contains an empty tool name"
                    )));
                }
                let normalized = name.to_ascii_lowercase();
                if is_builtin_tool_name(&name.to_lowercase()) {
                    return Err(tool_semantics_error(format!(
                        "tool {name:?} already has built-in semantics and cannot be reclassified"
                    )));
                }
                if let Some((_, previous)) = seen.iter().find(|(seen, _)| seen == &normalized) {
                    return Err(tool_semantics_error(format!(
                        "tool {name:?} appears in both tool_semantics.{previous} and tool_semantics.{category}"
                    )));
                }
                seen.push((normalized, category));
            }
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    fn classify(&self, name: &str) -> Option<ToolSemantic> {
        if contains_name(&self.observe, name) {
            Some(ToolSemantic::Observe)
        } else if contains_name(&self.mutate, name) {
            // The stage scorer treats writes and edits identically. Custom
            // mutations use the write counter to preserve the public signal shape.
            Some(ToolSemantic::Mutate(MutationKind::Write))
        } else if contains_name(&self.plan, name) {
            Some(ToolSemantic::Plan)
        } else if contains_name(&self.new, name) {
            Some(ToolSemantic::New)
        } else {
            None
        }
    }
}

fn contains_name(names: &[String], candidate: &str) -> bool {
    names
        .iter()
        .any(|name| name.eq_ignore_ascii_case(candidate))
}

fn tool_semantics_error(message: String) -> LibsyError {
    LibsyError::AlgorithmError { message }
}

// ─── output type ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

/// Tool-execution signals extracted from a normalized [`Request`].
///
/// A request-side processor stores these signals in [`State`](crate::State) for
/// [`crate::StageRouter`] and its classifier to consume. The advisor gate's
/// request-side guards read the conversation-shape counts directly via
/// [`ToolSignals::from_request`].
#[derive(Clone, Debug, Default)]
pub struct ToolSignals {
    /// Max severity across the recent window (last `recent_window` tool results):
    /// `0.0` clean · `0.3` soft (exit_nonzero) · `0.7` hard · `1.0` critical.
    /// Windowed so an error persists through the recovery turns instead of clearing
    /// the instant the next result is clean.
    pub severity: f32,
    /// The same hard-or-critical failure appeared at least twice in the recent
    /// tool-result window.
    pub repeated_failure: bool,
    /// Consecutive clean tool results back from the most recent. `0` if the last failed.
    pub no_error_streak: u32,
    /// Total edit-style tool calls in the request.
    pub edit_count: u32,
    /// Total write-style tool calls in the request.
    pub write_count: u32,
    /// Read-type calls (Read tool + read-like Bash). Used by the build-pit gate.
    pub read_count: u32,
    /// TodoWrite / planning tool calls. Investigative (non-producing) activity —
    /// recent todowrites distinguish `exploring` from `spinning` in the scorer.
    pub todowrite_count: u32,
    /// Edit-type calls within the configured recent window (default: [`DEFAULT_RECENT_WINDOW`]).
    pub recent_edit_count: u32,
    /// Write-type calls within the configured recent window (default: [`DEFAULT_RECENT_WINDOW`]).
    pub recent_write_count: u32,
    /// Read-type calls within the configured recent window (default: [`DEFAULT_RECENT_WINDOW`]).
    pub recent_read_count: u32,
    /// TodoWrite calls within the configured recent window (default: [`DEFAULT_RECENT_WINDOW`]).
    pub recent_todowrite_count: u32,
    /// Configured `new` tool calls across the full request history.
    pub new_count: u32,
    /// Configured `new` tool calls within the recent window.
    pub recent_new_count: u32,
    /// Consecutive trailing tool calls in the `Unknown` category (no Write/Edit/Read/
    /// Plan match). Surfaced in the classifier state summary; not scored directly.
    pub pure_bash_streak: u32,
    /// A tool result after the latest recent failure matched a test-pass pattern.
    pub tests_passed: bool,
    /// Total `ToolResult` blocks, counted per block (a message batching N
    /// results contributes N) and including empty-content results.
    pub tool_result_count: u32,
    /// Messages with `Role::Assistant`, unlike [`ToolSignals::turn_depth`],
    /// which counts every message regardless of role.
    pub assistant_turn_count: u32,
    /// Message-count proxy for turn depth. Wire-format dependent (Anthropic batches
    /// tool results into fewer messages than OpenAI-chat), so gates keyed on it are
    /// approximate across request origins.
    pub turn_depth: u32,
    /// The request carries a context-compaction summary (the agent's context was
    /// summarised after overflowing). Compaction resets the router's accumulated
    /// signals, so a task that was on the strong tier de-escalates back to weak — the
    /// picker uses this to force + hold the strong tier. Self-latching: the summary
    /// stays in the context prefix on every subsequent turn.
    pub compacted: bool,
}

impl ToolSignals {
    /// Extracts tool and activity signals from `request`.
    ///
    /// `window_size` limits recent counters to the newest tool results. `None`
    /// uses [`DEFAULT_RECENT_WINDOW`].
    pub fn from_request(request: &Request, window_size: Option<usize>) -> Self {
        Self::from_request_with_semantics(request, window_size, &ToolSemantics::default())
    }

    /// Extracts signals using the built-in vocabulary plus additive semantics.
    pub fn from_request_with_semantics(
        request: &Request,
        window_size: Option<usize>,
        semantics: &ToolSemantics,
    ) -> Self {
        extract_tool_signals_with_window_and_semantics(
            request,
            window_size.unwrap_or(DEFAULT_RECENT_WINDOW),
            semantics,
            false,
        )
    }
}

// `command` is the lowercased Bash command line; None for non-Bash tools.
// `bare_name` is the tool's own name when `name` joins it to a namespace or MCP server.
// `is_retrieval` marks a call that only reads; it counts as an observation.
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
struct ObservedToolCall<'a> {
    name: String,
    bare_name: Option<&'a str>,
    command: Option<String>,
    is_retrieval: bool,
    code_semantic: Option<ToolSemantic>,
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
enum MutationKind {
    Write,
    Edit,
}

/// Domain-neutral meaning assigned to an observed tool call.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
enum ToolSemantic {
    Mutate(MutationKind),
    Observe,
    Plan,
    New,
    Unknown,
}

/// Request-side processor that extracts tool-result signals from each request
/// and stores them on the request `State` for downstream routing.
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct ToolSignalProcessor {
    /// Number of trailing tool results the `recent_*` counts and windowed
    /// severity are computed over.
    pub recent_window: usize,
    /// Route-scoped additions to the built-in tool vocabulary.
    pub tool_semantics: ToolSemantics,
}

impl Default for ToolSignalProcessor {
    fn default() -> Self {
        Self {
            recent_window: DEFAULT_RECENT_WINDOW,
            tool_semantics: ToolSemantics::default(),
        }
    }
}

impl ToolSignalProcessor {
    pub(crate) fn for_user_turn(&self, request: &Request) -> ToolSignals {
        extract_tool_signals_with_window_and_semantics(
            request,
            self.recent_window,
            &self.tool_semantics,
            true,
        )
    }
}

#[async_trait]
impl Processor for ToolSignalProcessor {
    async fn process(&self, state: &mut State, event: Event<'_>) -> Result<()> {
        if let Event::Request { request: req, .. } = event {
            let tool_signal = ToolSignals::from_request_with_semantics(
                req,
                Some(self.recent_window),
                &self.tool_semantics,
            );
            state.tool_signals = Some(tool_signal);
        }
        Ok(())
    }
}

fn classify_tool_call(name: &str, command: Option<&str>) -> ToolSemantic {
    classify_tool_call_with_semantics(name, command, &ToolSemantics::default())
}

/// Recognize straight-line Codex patch calls, with optional literal bindings and
/// `text(...)` wrappers. Other JavaScript stays unknown, including control flow.
fn code_mode_has_patch(mut input: &str) -> bool {
    static STATEMENT: LazyLock<Regex> = LazyLock::new(|| {
        let identifier = r"[a-zA-Z_$][a-zA-Z0-9_$]*";
        let literal = r#"(?:"(?:[^"\\\r\n]|\\[^\r\n])*"|'(?:[^'\\\r\n]|\\[^\r\n])*'|`(?:[^`\\$]|\\[^\r\n])*`)"#;
        let argument = format!(r"(?:{literal}|{identifier})");
        let patch = format!(r"await\s+tools\s*\.\s*apply_patch\s*\(\s*{argument}\s*\)");
        // The pattern uses only constant fragments.
        Regex::new(&format!(
            r"(?x)\A(?://[^\r\n]*|(?s:/\*.*?\*/)|(?:
                (?:const|let)\s+(?P<binding>{identifier})\s*=\s*{literal}|
                (?P<patch>{patch}|text\s*\(\s*{patch}\s*\))|
                text\s*\(\s*{argument}\s*\)
            )[\t\x20]*(?:;|\r?\n|\z))"
        ))
        .expect("constant code-mode statement pattern")
    });
    let mut has_patch = false;
    while !input.trim_start().is_empty() {
        input = input.trim_start();
        let Some(statement) = STATEMENT.captures(input) else {
            return false;
        };
        if statement
            .name("binding")
            .is_some_and(|binding| matches!(binding.as_str(), "tools" | "text"))
        {
            return false;
        }
        has_patch |= statement.name("patch").is_some();
        input = &input[statement[0].len()..];
    }
    has_patch
}

fn classify_tool_call_with_semantics(
    name: &str,
    command: Option<&str>,
    semantics: &ToolSemantics,
) -> ToolSemantic {
    // Built-in names and Bash command inference take precedence over route-scoped mappings.
    let lower = name.to_lowercase();
    if WRITE_TOOL_NAMES.contains(&lower.as_str()) {
        return ToolSemantic::Mutate(MutationKind::Write);
    }
    if EDITOR_TOOL_NAMES.contains(&lower.as_str()) && command == Some("view") {
        return ToolSemantic::Observe;
    }
    if EDIT_TOOL_NAMES.contains(&lower.as_str()) {
        return ToolSemantic::Mutate(MutationKind::Edit);
    }
    if READ_TOOL_NAMES.contains(&lower.as_str()) {
        return ToolSemantic::Observe;
    }
    if PLAN_TOOL_NAMES.contains(&lower.as_str()) {
        return ToolSemantic::Plan;
    }
    if BASH_TOOL_NAMES.contains(&lower.as_str())
        && let Some(cmd) = command
    {
        // Write/edit redirection trumps read-like operands.
        if BASH_WRITE_PATTERNS.iter().any(|p| cmd.contains(p)) || shell_command_is_write(cmd) {
            return ToolSemantic::Mutate(MutationKind::Write);
        }
        if cmd.contains("python") && PYTHON_WRITE_PATTERNS.iter().any(|p| cmd.contains(p)) {
            return ToolSemantic::Mutate(MutationKind::Write);
        }
        if shell_invokes_program(cmd, "node")
            && JAVASCRIPT_WRITE_PATTERNS
                .iter()
                .any(|pattern| cmd.contains(pattern))
        {
            return ToolSemantic::Mutate(MutationKind::Write);
        }
        if BASH_EDIT_PATTERNS.iter().any(|p| cmd.contains(p)) || shell_command_is_edit(cmd) {
            return ToolSemantic::Mutate(MutationKind::Edit);
        }
        if BASH_READ_PATTERNS.iter().any(|p| cmd.contains(p)) || shell_command_is_read(cmd) {
            return ToolSemantic::Observe;
        }
    }
    semantics.classify(name).unwrap_or(ToolSemantic::Unknown)
}

/// Tools whose successful output is retrieved content or inspection data.
fn is_retrieval_tool(name: &str, command: Option<&Value>) -> bool {
    let lower = name.to_lowercase();
    READ_TOOL_NAMES.contains(&lower.as_str())
        || (EDITOR_TOOL_NAMES.contains(&lower.as_str())
            && command
                .and_then(Value::as_str)
                .is_some_and(|command| command.eq_ignore_ascii_case("view")))
        // PowerShell quoting and escapes do not follow the POSIX rules below.
        || (lower != "powershell"
            && BASH_TOOL_NAMES.contains(&lower.as_str())
            && command.is_some_and(command_is_retrieval))
}

/// A shell command field given as one line or as argv words.
fn command_is_retrieval(command: &Value) -> bool {
    match command {
        Value::String(line) => shell_is_retrieval(line, 0),
        Value::Array(argv) => {
            // Charge each word a separator byte, as in the one-line form, so the
            // budget also bounds the argument count.
            argv.iter()
                .try_fold(0, |size, word| {
                    let size = size + word.as_str()?.len() + 1;
                    (size <= MAX_RETRIEVAL_COMMAND_BYTES).then_some(size)
                })
                .is_some()
                && retrieval_command(
                    &argv.iter().filter_map(Value::as_str).collect::<Vec<_>>(),
                    0,
                )
        }
        _ => false,
    }
}

// Keep shell parsing bounded on the request thread. Larger commands retain
// ordinary error scanning, just like unrecognized shell syntax.
const MAX_RETRIEVAL_COMMAND_BYTES: usize = 16 * 1024;

/// Only suppress output when every shell segment is a recognized inspection.
/// Observation counters can count mixed commands; suppressing errors needs all
/// commands to qualify. Substitutions and redirects keep their error signals.
fn shell_is_retrieval(command: &str, depth: usize) -> bool {
    if command.len() > MAX_RETRIEVAL_COMMAND_BYTES {
        return false;
    }
    if quoted_chars(command).any(|(_, c, quote)| {
        (quote != Some('\'') && matches!(c, '$' | '`'))
            || (quote.is_none() && matches!(c, '<' | '>' | '(' | ')' | '{' | '}' | '#'))
    }) {
        return false;
    }
    let mut segments = shell_segments(command).peekable();
    segments.peek().is_some()
        && segments.all(|segment| {
            // `split` also rejects an unclosed quote or a trailing backslash.
            shlex::split(segment).is_some_and(|words| {
                retrieval_command(&words.iter().map(String::as_str).collect::<Vec<_>>(), depth)
            })
        })
}

fn skip_shell_options<'a>(mut args: &'a [&'a str], takes_value: &[&str]) -> &'a [&'a str] {
    while let Some((option, rest)) = args.split_first() {
        if !option.starts_with('-') || *option == "-" {
            break;
        }
        args = rest;
        if *option == "--" {
            break;
        }
        if takes_value.contains(option) {
            args = args.get(1..).unwrap_or_default();
        }
    }
    args
}

/// A short-option word such as `-Hx` that sets any of `flags`.
fn has_short_flag(word: &str, flags: &[char]) -> bool {
    word.starts_with('-') && !word.starts_with("--") && word.contains(flags)
}

// Bounds recursion through nested wrappers and `sh -c` scripts.
const MAX_COMMAND_DEPTH: usize = 20;

fn retrieval_command(mut words: &[&str], depth: usize) -> bool {
    if depth > MAX_COMMAND_DEPTH {
        return false;
    }
    while words.first().is_some_and(|word| {
        word.split_once('=').is_some_and(|(name, _)| {
            !name.is_empty()
                && name.bytes().enumerate().all(|(i, c)| {
                    c == b'_' || c.is_ascii_alphabetic() || (i > 0 && c.is_ascii_digit())
                })
        })
    }) {
        words = &words[1..];
    }
    let Some((&program, args)) = words.split_first() else {
        return false;
    };
    // The standard bin dirs hold the real programs. Any other path, such as
    // `./test`, names a local script.
    let program = [
        "/bin/",
        "/sbin/",
        "/usr/bin/",
        "/usr/sbin/",
        "/usr/local/bin/",
        "/opt/homebrew/bin/",
    ]
    .iter()
    .find_map(|dir| program.strip_prefix(dir))
    .unwrap_or(program);
    // Unwrap launchers before inspecting the actual command and its flags.
    let wrapper_options: Option<&[&str]> = match program {
        "sudo" => Some(&[
            "-u", "-g", "-h", "-p", "-C", "-T", "--user", "--group", "--host",
        ]),
        "env" => Some(&["-u", "--unset", "-C", "--chdir"]),
        "command" | "nohup" => Some(&[]),
        "exec" => Some(&["-a"]),
        "time" => Some(&["-f", "--format", "-o", "--output"]),
        "timeout" => Some(&["-s", "--signal", "-k", "--kill-after"]),
        "xargs" => Some(&[
            "-n",
            "--max-args",
            "-P",
            "--max-procs",
            "-I",
            "--replace",
            "-d",
            "--delimiter",
            "-L",
            "--max-lines",
            "-s",
            "--max-chars",
        ]),
        _ => None,
    };
    if let Some(options) = wrapper_options {
        // `env -S` splits its argument into a new command line.
        if program == "env"
            && args
                .iter()
                .any(|arg| arg.starts_with("--split-string") || has_short_flag(arg, &['S']))
        {
            return false;
        }
        let mut rest = skip_shell_options(args, options);
        if program == "timeout" {
            rest = rest.get(1..).unwrap_or_default();
        }
        return (program == "env" && rest.is_empty()) || retrieval_command(rest, depth + 1);
    }
    if matches!(program, "bash" | "sh" | "dash" | "zsh" | "ksh") {
        return args
            .first()
            .is_some_and(|option| has_short_flag(option, &['c']))
            && args
                .get(1)
                .is_some_and(|command| shell_is_retrieval(command, depth + 1));
    }
    if program == "git" {
        return git_is_retrieval(args);
    }
    if matches!(args, ["--help" | "--version"]) {
        return true;
    }
    match program {
        "find" => !args.iter().any(|arg| {
            matches!(
                *arg,
                "-delete"
                    | "-exec"
                    | "-execdir"
                    | "-ok"
                    | "-okdir"
                    | "-fprint"
                    | "-fprint0"
                    | "-fprintf"
            )
        }),
        // fd joins short flags, so `-Hx` runs a command too.
        "fd" => !args
            .iter()
            .any(|arg| arg.starts_with("--exec") || has_short_flag(arg, &['x', 'X'])),
        // Only the common line-range printing form; sed scripts can execute commands.
        "sed" => {
            args.len() >= 2
                && args[0] == "-n"
                && args[2..].iter().all(|arg| !arg.starts_with('-'))
                && args[1].strip_suffix('p').is_some_and(|range| {
                    !range.is_empty()
                        && range
                            .bytes()
                            .all(|c| c.is_ascii_digit() || matches!(c, b',' | b'$'))
                })
        }
        "sort" => !args.iter().any(|arg| {
            arg.starts_with("--compress-program")
                || arg.starts_with("--output")
                || arg.starts_with("-o")
        }),
        "rg" => !args.iter().any(|arg| arg.starts_with("--pre")),
        "xxd" => !args.contains(&"-r") && !args.contains(&"-revert"),
        "go" => {
            matches!(args.first(), Some(&"list" | &"doc" | &"env" | &"version"))
                && !args.iter().any(|arg| matches!(*arg, "-w" | "-u"))
        }
        "docker" | "podman" => matches!(args.first(), Some(&"ps" | &"version")),
        "cat" | "grep" | "ls" | "nl" | "head" | "tail" | "wc" | "pwd" | "stat" | "file" | "du"
        | "df" | "which" | "type" | "diff" | "cmp" | "jq" | "uniq" | "cut" | "readlink"
        | "realpath" | "tree" | "basename" | "dirname" | "printenv" | "echo" | "printf"
        | "less" | "more" | "test" | "[" | "ps" | "pgrep" | "pkg-config" | "strings" | "uname"
        | "od" | "true" | ":" | "cd" | "pstree" | "sha256sum" | "sha1sum" | "md5sum" | "lsof"
        | "tr" | "free" | "id" | "namei" | "whoami" | "paste" | "ss" | "getent" => true,
        _ => false,
    }
}

fn git_is_retrieval(args: &[&str]) -> bool {
    let args = skip_shell_options(
        args,
        &["-C", "-c", "--git-dir", "--work-tree", "--namespace"],
    );
    let Some((subcommand, rest)) = args.split_first() else {
        return false;
    };
    match *subcommand {
        "diff" => !rest.contains(&"--check"),
        "branch" => {
            rest.is_empty()
                || rest.iter().all(|arg| {
                    matches!(
                        *arg,
                        "-a" | "-r"
                            | "--all"
                            | "--list"
                            | "--show-current"
                            | "-v"
                            | "-vv"
                            | "--verbose"
                    )
                })
        }
        "remote" => {
            rest.is_empty()
                || matches!(rest, ["-v" | "--verbose"])
                || rest.first() == Some(&"get-url")
        }
        "tag" => rest.is_empty() || matches!(rest[0], "-l" | "--list"),
        "config" => matches!(
            rest.first(),
            Some(&"--get" | &"--get-all" | &"--list" | &"-l")
        ),
        "worktree" => rest.first() == Some(&"list"),
        "submodule" => rest.first() == Some(&"status"),
        "status" | "log" | "show" | "blame" | "ls-files" | "ls-remote" | "rev-parse"
        | "merge-base" | "grep" | "describe" | "show-ref" | "check-ignore" | "rev-list"
        | "ls-tree" | "diff-tree" | "version" => true,
        _ => false,
    }
}

fn is_builtin_tool_name(lower: &str) -> bool {
    WRITE_TOOL_NAMES.contains(&lower)
        || EDIT_TOOL_NAMES.contains(&lower)
        || READ_TOOL_NAMES.contains(&lower)
        || PLAN_TOOL_NAMES.contains(&lower)
        || BASH_TOOL_NAMES.contains(&lower)
}

/// Split a shell line at unquoted command separators. This intentionally avoids
/// pretending to be a full shell parser; only the leading program and flags of
/// each segment are inspected below.
fn shell_segments(command: &str) -> impl Iterator<Item = &str> {
    let mut start = 0;
    quoted_chars(command)
        .filter(|&(_, c, quote)| quote.is_none() && matches!(c, '\n' | ';' | '|' | '&'))
        .map(|(index, _, _)| index)
        .chain([command.len()])
        .filter_map(move |end| {
            let segment = command[start..end].trim();
            // Separators are one byte.
            start = end + 1;
            (!segment.is_empty()).then_some(segment)
        })
}

/// Unescaped characters with their byte index and the quote around them.
fn quoted_chars(command: &str) -> impl Iterator<Item = (usize, char, Option<char>)> {
    let mut quote = None;
    let mut escaped = false;
    command.char_indices().filter_map(move |(index, c)| {
        if escaped {
            escaped = false;
            return None;
        }
        if c == '\\' && quote != Some('\'') {
            escaped = true;
            return None;
        }
        let around = quote;
        if quote == Some(c) {
            quote = None;
        } else if quote.is_none() && matches!(c, '\'' | '"') {
            quote = Some(c);
        }
        Some((index, c, around))
    })
}

fn shell_words(segment: &str) -> std::iter::Peekable<std::str::SplitAsciiWhitespace<'_>> {
    let mut words = segment.split_ascii_whitespace().peekable();

    if words.peek().copied() == Some("env") {
        words.next();
        while words.peek().is_some_and(|word| word.starts_with('-')) {
            words.next();
        }
    }
    while words
        .peek()
        .is_some_and(|word| word.contains('=') && !word.starts_with('='))
    {
        words.next();
    }

    words
}

fn program_name(word: &str) -> &str {
    Path::new(word)
        .file_name()
        .and_then(|name| name.to_str())
        .unwrap_or(word)
}

fn shell_invokes_program(command: &str, expected: &str) -> bool {
    shell_segments(command).any(|segment| {
        shell_words(segment)
            .next()
            .is_some_and(|word| program_name(word) == expected)
    })
}

fn shell_command_is_write(command: &str) -> bool {
    shell_segments(command).any(|segment| {
        let mut words = shell_words(segment);
        let Some(program) = words.next().map(program_name) else {
            return false;
        };
        if matches!(program, "cp" | "mkdir" | "touch" | "install") {
            return true;
        }

        let redirects_output = words.any(|word| matches!(word, ">" | ">>"));
        redirects_output
            && (matches!(program, "echo" | "printf" | "git")
                || BASH_READ_COMMANDS.contains(&program))
    })
}

fn shell_command_is_edit(command: &str) -> bool {
    shell_segments(command).any(|segment| {
        let mut words = shell_words(segment);
        let Some(program) = words.next().map(program_name) else {
            return false;
        };
        let has_arg = |arg: &str| words.clone().any(|word| word == arg);

        match program {
            "mv" | "rm" => true,
            "perl" => words
                .take_while(|word| word.starts_with('-'))
                .any(|option| {
                    option
                        .trim_start_matches('-')
                        .chars()
                        .any(|flag| flag == 'i')
                }),
            "git" => words
                .next()
                .is_some_and(|subcommand| matches!(subcommand, "apply" | "am" | "restore")),
            "gofmt" => has_arg("-w"),
            "cargo" => words.clone().next() == Some("fmt") && !has_arg("--check"),
            "ruff" => {
                let subcommand = words.clone().next();
                (subcommand == Some("format") && !has_arg("--check"))
                    || (subcommand == Some("check") && has_arg("--fix"))
            }
            "prettier" => has_arg("--write"),
            "black" => !has_arg("--check"),
            _ => {
                (words.clone().any(|word| program_name(word) == "prettier") && has_arg("--write"))
                    || (words.clone().any(|word| program_name(word) == "ruff")
                        && ((has_arg("format") && !has_arg("--check"))
                            || (has_arg("check") && has_arg("--fix"))))
            }
        }
    })
}

fn shell_command_is_read(command: &str) -> bool {
    shell_segments(command).any(|segment| {
        if segment == "env" {
            return true;
        }
        let mut words = shell_words(segment);
        let Some(program) = words.next().map(program_name) else {
            return false;
        };

        if BASH_READ_COMMANDS.contains(&program) {
            return true;
        }
        if program == "command" && words.next() == Some("-v") {
            return true;
        }
        if program == "type" {
            return true;
        }
        if program != "git" {
            return false;
        }

        match words.next() {
            Some("branch") => words.next().is_none_or(|arg| arg.starts_with('-')),
            Some("remote") => words
                .next()
                .is_none_or(|arg| arg.starts_with('-') || arg == "get-url"),
            Some("config") => words
                .next()
                .is_some_and(|arg| matches!(arg, "--get" | "--get-all" | "--list" | "-l")),
            Some(subcommand) => GIT_READ_SUBCOMMANDS.contains(&subcommand),
            None => false,
        }
    })
}

// ─── extraction entry point ───────────────────────────────────────────────────

/// Extract all tool-execution signals from a normalized [`Request`].
///
/// Returns [`ToolSignals::default()`] when the message history contains no tool
/// activity, so callers can always inspect the signal fields.
fn extract_tool_signals_with_window(request: &Request, recent_window: usize) -> ToolSignals {
    extract_tool_signals_with_window_and_semantics(
        request,
        recent_window,
        &ToolSemantics::default(),
        false,
    )
}

fn extract_tool_signals_with_window_and_semantics(
    request: &Request,
    recent_window: usize,
    semantics: &ToolSemantics,
    current_user_turn: bool,
) -> ToolSignals {
    // Read the decoded conversation, including preserved built-in tool outputs.
    let messages = &request.llm_request.messages;
    let boundary = if current_user_turn {
        messages.iter().rposition(is_user_turn)
    } else {
        None
    };
    let start = boundary.map_or(0, |index| index + 1);
    let namespaces = tool_namespaces(&request.llm_request.extensions);
    let mut tool_texts: Vec<(String, bool)> = Vec::new();
    let mut tool_calls: Vec<ObservedToolCall> = Vec::new();
    // IDs whose latest call is a retrieval tool.
    let mut retrieval_calls: HashSet<&str> = HashSet::new();
    let mut compacted = false;
    let mut tool_result_count = 0usize;
    let mut assistant_turn_count = 0usize;

    for (index, message) in messages.iter().enumerate() {
        if index >= start && message.role == Role::Assistant {
            assistant_turn_count += 1;
        }
        for block in &message.content {
            match block {
                // Only context-compaction markers carry across user turns.
                _ if index < start && !matches!(block, ContentBlock::Text { .. }) => continue,
                ContentBlock::ToolCall(call) => {
                    // Responses namespaced tools arrive as `<namespace>__<tool>`.
                    let bare_name = namespaces
                        .and_then(|namespaces| split_qualified_name(namespaces, &call.name))
                        .map(|(tool, _)| tool)
                        .or_else(|| mcp_tool_name(&call.name));
                    // The Responses wire format sends arguments as a JSON string.
                    let decoded = call
                        .arguments
                        .as_str()
                        .and_then(|raw| serde_json::from_str::<Value>(raw).ok());
                    let arguments = decoded.as_ref().unwrap_or(&call.arguments);
                    let command_field = command_of(arguments);
                    // Codex uses exec.input for JavaScript. OpenClaw's exec.command
                    // remains a shell call, even when the names are identical.
                    let code_semantic = (bare_name.unwrap_or(&call.name) == "exec"
                        && arguments.get("command").is_none()
                        && arguments.get("cmd").is_none())
                    .then(|| arguments.get("input").and_then(Value::as_str))
                    .flatten()
                    .map(|input| {
                        if code_mode_has_patch(input) {
                            ToolSemantic::Mutate(MutationKind::Edit)
                        } else {
                            ToolSemantic::Unknown
                        }
                    });
                    let command = command_field.and_then(command_text);
                    // The joined name wins, as in `build_signal`. A joined name
                    // configured as observe still counts when its bare name is a
                    // retrieval tool, such as `mcp__files__read`.
                    let full = classify_tool_call_with_semantics(
                        &call.name,
                        command.as_deref(),
                        semantics,
                    );
                    let name = match (full, bare_name) {
                        (ToolSemantic::Unknown | ToolSemantic::Observe, Some(bare_name)) => {
                            bare_name
                        }
                        _ => call.name.as_str(),
                    };
                    let is_retrieval =
                        code_semantic.is_none() && is_retrieval_tool(name, command_field);
                    if !call.id.is_empty() {
                        // A reused ID links to its latest call.
                        if is_retrieval {
                            retrieval_calls.insert(call.id.as_str());
                        } else {
                            retrieval_calls.remove(call.id.as_str());
                        }
                    }
                    tool_calls.push(ObservedToolCall {
                        name: call.name.clone(),
                        bare_name,
                        command,
                        is_retrieval,
                        code_semantic,
                    });
                }
                ContentBlock::ToolResult(result) => {
                    // Before the empty-text filter: empty results still count.
                    tool_result_count += 1;
                    let is_error = result.is_error == Some(true);
                    let text = result
                        .content
                        .iter()
                        .filter_map(text_of)
                        .collect::<Vec<_>>()
                        .join("\n");
                    let is_retrieval_result =
                        retrieval_calls.contains(result.tool_call_id.as_str());
                    if is_retrieval_result {
                        // Shell reads can return bare JSON from a file. Hermes wraps
                        // terminal output with output and exit_code fields.
                        let shell_result = serde_json::Deserializer::from_str(&text)
                            .into_iter::<Value>()
                            .next()
                            .and_then(|result| result.ok())
                            .filter(|value| {
                                value["output"].is_string() && value.get("exit_code").is_some()
                            });
                        // Codex reports the exit status in a header before `Output:`.
                        // An exit line after it is part of what was read.
                        let status = text
                            .split_once("\nOutput:\n")
                            .map_or(text.as_str(), |(header, _)| header);
                        // Hermes reports it in fields, so its output is not scanned.
                        let shell_failed = match &shell_result {
                            Some(value) => {
                                value["exit_code"].as_i64().is_some_and(|code| code != 0)
                                    || value["success"].as_bool() == Some(false)
                                    || value["error"]
                                        .as_str()
                                        .is_some_and(|error| !error.trim().is_empty())
                            }
                            None => has_nonzero_exit_status(&status.to_lowercase()),
                        };
                        if is_missing_file(&text) || (!is_error && !shell_failed) {
                            // Keep the window slot after dropping retrieved content.
                            if !text.is_empty() {
                                tool_texts.push((String::new(), false));
                            }
                            continue;
                        }
                    }
                    // An explicit failure remains a signal even without text.
                    if !text.is_empty() || is_error {
                        tool_texts.push((text, is_error));
                    }
                }
                // Built-in tool history stays opaque so it can be replayed unchanged.
                ContentBlock::Unknown { provider, raw }
                    if provider.as_str() == WireFormat::OpenAiResponses.as_str()
                        && raw.get("type").and_then(Value::as_str)
                            == Some("apply_patch_call_output") =>
                {
                    tool_result_count += 1;
                    let text = raw
                        .get("output")
                        .and_then(Value::as_str)
                        .unwrap_or_default();
                    let is_error = raw.get("status").and_then(Value::as_str) == Some("failed");
                    tool_texts.push((text.to_owned(), is_error));
                }
                ContentBlock::Unknown { provider, raw }
                    if provider.as_str() == WireFormat::OpenAiResponses.as_str()
                        && raw.get("type").and_then(Value::as_str) == Some("shell_call_output") =>
                {
                    tool_result_count += 1;
                    let mut texts = Vec::new();
                    let mut is_error = false;
                    if let Some(outputs) = raw.get("output").and_then(Value::as_array) {
                        for output in outputs {
                            for field in ["stdout", "stderr"] {
                                if let Some(text) = output.get(field).and_then(Value::as_str)
                                    && !text.is_empty()
                                {
                                    texts.push(text);
                                }
                            }
                            if let Some(outcome) = output.get("outcome") {
                                is_error |= match outcome.get("type").and_then(Value::as_str) {
                                    Some("timeout") => true,
                                    Some("exit")
                                        if outcome
                                            .get("exit_code")
                                            .and_then(Value::as_i64)
                                            .is_some_and(|code| code != 0) =>
                                    {
                                        // Keep plain nonzero exits SOFT, including empty output.
                                        texts.push("returned non-zero");
                                        output
                                            .get("stderr")
                                            .and_then(Value::as_str)
                                            .is_some_and(|text| !text.trim().is_empty())
                                    }
                                    _ => false,
                                };
                            }
                        }
                    }
                    let text = texts.join("\n");
                    tool_texts.push((text, is_error));
                }
                // Compaction is detected anywhere in the conversation: the summary
                // stays in the prefix on every later turn, so this self-latches
                // once it fires.
                ContentBlock::Text { text } => {
                    let text = text.to_lowercase();
                    compacted |= text.contains(COMPACTION_MARKER)
                        || text.lines().any(|line| {
                            HERMES_COMPACTION_MARKERS
                                .iter()
                                .any(|marker| line.trim_start().starts_with(marker))
                        });
                }
                _ => {}
            }
        }
    }

    let mut signal = build_signal(
        tool_texts,
        tool_calls,
        (messages.len() - boundary.unwrap_or(0)) as u32,
        recent_window,
        semantics,
    );
    signal.compacted = compacted;
    signal.tool_result_count = u32::try_from(tool_result_count).unwrap_or(u32::MAX);
    signal.assistant_turn_count = u32::try_from(assistant_turn_count).unwrap_or(u32::MAX);
    signal
}

/// Distinctive preamble Claude Code injects as a user message when it compacts an
/// overflowed context. Matched case-insensitively; normal task text never contains it.
const COMPACTION_MARKER: &str = "session is being continued";

// Hermes can merge the summary into an existing message or restate an active task.
const HERMES_COMPACTION_MARKERS: &[&str] = &[
    "[context compaction \u{2014} reference only]",
    "[still in progress \u{2014} this is the active request, restated after the compaction boundary",
];

/// The tool part of an `mcp__<server>__<tool>` name, the form Claude Code uses
/// for MCP tools. The server name is assumed not to contain `__`; the tool name
/// may.
fn mcp_tool_name(name: &str) -> Option<&str> {
    let (_server, tool) = name.strip_prefix("mcp__")?.split_once("__")?;
    (!tool.is_empty()).then_some(tool)
}

/// The command field a tool call carries, when it has one. Harnesses name it
/// `command`, `cmd` or `input`; anything else is a tool whose category comes
/// from its name.
fn command_of(arguments: &Value) -> Option<&Value> {
    ["command", "cmd", "input"]
        .iter()
        .find_map(|key| arguments.get(*key))
}

/// A command field as lowercase text, from a string or an argv array.
fn command_text(value: &Value) -> Option<String> {
    match value {
        Value::String(text) => Some(text.to_lowercase()),
        Value::Array(parts) => {
            let joined = parts
                .iter()
                .filter_map(Value::as_str)
                .collect::<Vec<_>>()
                .join(" ");
            (!joined.is_empty()).then(|| joined.to_lowercase())
        }
        _ => None,
    }
}

/// Text carried by a content block, ignoring the non-textual kinds.
fn text_of(block: &ContentBlock) -> Option<&str> {
    match block {
        ContentBlock::Text { text } | ContentBlock::Refusal { text } => Some(text.as_str()),
        _ => None,
    }
}

/// Reads of missing paths happen as often on tasks that succeed as on tasks
/// that fail, so they are not a failure signal.
fn is_missing_file(text: &str) -> bool {
    let lower = text.to_lowercase();
    // The OS error from shell tools, and Claude Code's Read tool message.
    lower.contains("no such file or directory") || lower.contains("file does not exist")
}

fn build_signal(
    tool_texts: Vec<(String, bool)>,
    tool_calls: Vec<ObservedToolCall>,
    turn_depth: u32,
    recent_window: usize,
    semantics: &ToolSemantics,
) -> ToolSignals {
    // Windowed severity: take the MAX severity across the last `recent_window` tool
    // results rather than only the last one. An error's severity then persists for
    // the recent window and decays out of it — parallel to the windowed `recent_*`
    // counts — so a fix written a couple of turns after an error still routes on the
    // error signal instead of the router flapping straight back to the weak tier.
    let sev_start = tool_texts.len().saturating_sub(recent_window.max(1));
    let mut severity = 0.0f32;
    let mut failure_fingerprints = Vec::new();
    let mut repeated_failure = false;
    for (text, is_error) in &tool_texts[sev_start..] {
        let (sev, _patterns) = classify_text(text);
        // Explicit failure is at least hard; retain stronger text diagnostics.
        let sev = if *is_error { sev.max(HARD) } else { sev };
        if sev > severity {
            severity = sev;
        }
        if let Some(fingerprint) = failure_fingerprint(text, *is_error) {
            repeated_failure |= failure_fingerprints.contains(&fingerprint);
            failure_fingerprints.push(fingerprint);
        }
    }

    let no_error_streak = compute_no_error_streak(&tool_texts);

    // Single pass: cumulative + sliding-window counters together. Also tracks
    // the trailing pure-bash streak (consecutive `Unknown` calls back
    // from the end) — the build-pit proxy.
    let recent_start = tool_calls.len().saturating_sub(recent_window);
    let mut write_count = 0u32;
    let mut edit_count = 0u32;
    let mut read_count = 0u32;
    let mut todowrite_count = 0u32;
    let mut recent_write_count = 0u32;
    let mut recent_edit_count = 0u32;
    let mut recent_read_count = 0u32;
    let mut recent_todowrite_count = 0u32;
    let mut new_count = 0u32;
    let mut recent_new_count = 0u32;
    let mut pure_bash_streak = 0u32;
    let mut streak_open = true;
    for (i, tc) in tool_calls.iter().enumerate().rev() {
        // Every read, found or missed, is an observation. The read check parses
        // the command, so it beats the substring patterns. Otherwise the joined
        // name wins, so configs that list it keep working.
        let mut cat = if let Some(semantic) = tc.code_semantic {
            semantic
        } else if tc.is_retrieval {
            ToolSemantic::Observe
        } else {
            classify_tool_call_with_semantics(&tc.name, tc.command.as_deref(), semantics)
        };
        if matches!(cat, ToolSemantic::Unknown)
            && tc.code_semantic.is_none()
            && let Some(bare_name) = tc.bare_name
        {
            cat = classify_tool_call_with_semantics(bare_name, tc.command.as_deref(), semantics);
        }
        if streak_open {
            if matches!(cat, ToolSemantic::Unknown) {
                pure_bash_streak += 1;
            } else {
                streak_open = false;
            }
        }
        match cat {
            ToolSemantic::Mutate(MutationKind::Write) => {
                write_count += 1;
                if i >= recent_start {
                    recent_write_count += 1;
                }
            }
            ToolSemantic::Mutate(MutationKind::Edit) => {
                edit_count += 1;
                if i >= recent_start {
                    recent_edit_count += 1;
                }
            }
            ToolSemantic::Observe => {
                read_count += 1;
                if i >= recent_start {
                    recent_read_count += 1;
                }
            }
            ToolSemantic::Plan => {
                todowrite_count += 1;
                if i >= recent_start {
                    recent_todowrite_count += 1;
                }
            }
            ToolSemantic::New => {
                new_count += 1;
                if i >= recent_start {
                    recent_new_count += 1;
                }
            }
            ToolSemantic::Unknown => {}
        }
    }

    let tests_passed = detect_tests_passed(&tool_texts, recent_window);

    ToolSignals {
        severity,
        repeated_failure,
        no_error_streak,
        edit_count,
        write_count,
        read_count,
        todowrite_count,
        recent_edit_count,
        recent_write_count,
        recent_read_count,
        recent_todowrite_count,
        new_count,
        recent_new_count,
        pure_bash_streak,
        tests_passed,
        turn_depth,
        // Set by extract_tool_signals_with_window after the format-specific extract,
        // which scans all message contents for the compaction marker and tallies
        // the raw conversation-shape counts.
        tool_result_count: 0,
        assistant_turn_count: 0,
        compacted: false,
    }
}

// ─── pure helpers ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

/// Normalise a JSON tool-result content value to a plain string.
fn content_to_text(content: Option<&Value>) -> Option<String> {
    match content? {
        Value::String(s) => Some(s.clone()),
        Value::Array(blocks) => {
            let parts: Vec<&str> = blocks
                .iter()
                .filter_map(|b| {
                    b.as_object()
                        .filter(|o| o.get("type").and_then(Value::as_str) == Some("text"))
                        .and_then(|o| o.get("text"))
                        .and_then(Value::as_str)
                })
                .collect();
            if parts.is_empty() {
                None
            } else {
                Some(parts.join("\n"))
            }
        }
        _ => None,
    }
}

/// Match tool text and structured result fields against error patterns.
///
/// Returns `(max_severity, matched_pattern_names)`.
pub(crate) fn classify_text(text: &str) -> (f32, Vec<String>) {
    let lower = text.to_lowercase();
    let mut patterns = Vec::new();
    let mut severity: f32 = 0.0;
    for (name, sev, substrings) in ERROR_PATTERNS {
        if substrings.iter().any(|sub| lower.contains(sub)) {
            patterns.push(name.to_string());
            severity = severity.max(*sev);
        }
    }
    // Hermes can append a loop warning after the JSON result.
    let result = serde_json::Deserializer::from_str(text)
        .into_iter::<Value>()
        .next()
        .and_then(|result| result.ok())
        .unwrap_or_default();
    let nonzero_exit = result["exit_code"].as_i64().is_some_and(|code| code != 0);
    let tool_error = result["success"].as_bool() == Some(false)
        || result["error"]
            .as_str()
            .is_some_and(|error| !error.trim().is_empty());
    if (nonzero_exit || has_nonzero_exit_status(&lower))
        && !patterns.iter().any(|p| p == "exit_nonzero")
    {
        patterns.push("exit_nonzero".to_string());
        severity = severity.max(SOFT);
    }
    for (name, matched) in [
        ("tool_error", tool_error),
        ("compile_error", has_compiler_diagnostic(&lower)),
        ("runtime_exception", has_runtime_exception(&lower)),
        ("runtime_panic", has_runtime_panic(&lower)),
        ("patch_error", has_patch_failure(&lower)),
    ] {
        if matched && !patterns.iter().any(|pattern| pattern == name) {
            patterns.push(name.to_string());
            severity = severity.max(HARD);
        }
    }
    (severity, patterns)
}

/// Stable identity for a material failure. Soft non-zero exits need an explicit
/// failure flag to count as a repeated mistake.
fn failure_fingerprint(text: &str, is_error: bool) -> Option<String> {
    let (severity, patterns) = classify_text(text);
    if severity < HARD && !is_error {
        return None;
    }

    let lower = text.to_lowercase();
    let diagnostic = lower
        .lines()
        .find(|line| is_failure_diagnostic(line))
        .or_else(|| lower.lines().find(|line| !line.trim().is_empty()))
        .unwrap_or_default();
    let normalized = normalize_failure_text(diagnostic);
    Some(format!("{}|{normalized}", patterns.join(",")))
}

fn is_failure_diagnostic(line: &str) -> bool {
    let line = line.trim();
    [
        "error",
        "exception",
        "panic",
        "failed",
        "timed out",
        "timeout",
        "connection refused",
        "cannot allocate memory",
        "out of memory",
        "not found",
    ]
    .iter()
    .any(|marker| line.contains(marker))
}

/// Removes values that normally change between retries while retaining the
/// diagnostic wording that distinguishes one failure from another.
fn normalize_failure_text(text: &str) -> String {
    let mut normalized = String::new();
    for word in text.split_whitespace() {
        if !normalized.is_empty() {
            normalized.push(' ');
        }
        let mut in_digits = false;
        if word.starts_with('/') || word.contains("/src/") || word.contains("/tmp/") {
            normalized.push_str("<path>");
            continue;
        }
        for character in word.chars() {
            if character.is_ascii_digit() {
                if !in_digits {
                    normalized.push('#');
                    in_digits = true;
                }
            } else {
                normalized.push(character);
                in_digits = false;
            }
        }
    }
    normalized.chars().take(240).collect()
}

fn has_compiler_diagnostic(lower: &str) -> bool {
    lower.lines().any(|line| {
        let line = line.trim_start();
        if matches!(
            line,
            "compilation failed" | "error: compilation failed" | "error: could not compile"
        ) || line.starts_with("error: could not compile ")
        {
            return true;
        }

        let Some(rest) = line.strip_prefix("error[e") else {
            return false;
        };
        let Some((code, _)) = rest.split_once("]:") else {
            return false;
        };
        !code.is_empty() && code.chars().all(|character| character.is_ascii_digit())
    })
}

fn has_runtime_exception(lower: &str) -> bool {
    let has_exception_line = lower.lines().any(|line| {
        let line = line.trim_start();
        [
            "typeerror:",
            "referenceerror:",
            "rangeerror:",
            "runtimeerror:",
            "keyerror:",
            "attributeerror:",
        ]
        .iter()
        .any(|prefix| line.starts_with(prefix))
    });
    has_exception_line && (lower.contains("\n    at ") || lower.contains("\n  at "))
}

fn has_runtime_panic(lower: &str) -> bool {
    lower
        .lines()
        .any(|line| line.trim_start().starts_with("panic: runtime error:"))
        && (lower.contains("\ngoroutine ") || lower.contains("[signal sig"))
}

fn has_patch_failure(lower: &str) -> bool {
    lower.lines().any(|line| {
        let line = line.trim_start();
        line.starts_with("error: patch failed:")
            || line.starts_with("patch failed:")
            || line.contains(": patch does not apply")
            || line.starts_with("invalid context")
    })
}

/// Detects `exit_nonzero` only when a supported exit phrase is followed by a
/// nonzero decimal status.
///
/// Codex includes "Process exited with code 0" on clean tool results, so exit
/// phrases must parse their numeric status instead of matching the phrase alone.
fn has_nonzero_exit_status(lower: &str) -> bool {
    NONZERO_EXIT_PHRASES
        .iter()
        .any(|phrase| phrase_followed_by_nonzero_integer(lower, phrase))
}

/// Matches common "exit code/status N" spellings after optional separators.
fn phrase_followed_by_nonzero_integer(lower: &str, phrase: &str) -> bool {
    let mut cursor = 0usize;
    while let Some(rel) = lower[cursor..].find(phrase) {
        let value_start = cursor + rel + phrase.len();
        let rest = lower[value_start..].trim_start_matches(|c: char| {
            c.is_ascii_whitespace() || matches!(c, ':' | '=' | '\'' | '"' | '`')
        });
        let digits: String = rest.chars().take_while(|c| c.is_ascii_digit()).collect();
        if !digits.is_empty() && digits.chars().any(|d| d != '0') {
            return true;
        }
        cursor = value_start;
    }
    false
}

fn compute_no_error_streak(tool_texts: &[(String, bool)]) -> u32 {
    let mut streak = 0u32;
    for (text, is_error) in tool_texts.iter().rev() {
        let (sev, _) = classify_text(text);
        if *is_error || sev > 0.0 {
            break;
        }
        streak += 1;
    }
    streak
}

fn detect_tests_passed(tool_texts: &[(String, bool)], recent_window: usize) -> bool {
    let start = tool_texts.len().saturating_sub(recent_window.max(1));
    let recent = &tool_texts[start..];
    let after_latest_failure = recent
        .iter()
        .rposition(|(text, is_error)| *is_error || classify_text(text).0 > 0.0)
        .map_or(recent, |index| &recent[index + 1..]);
    after_latest_failure.iter().any(|(text, _)| {
        let lower = text.to_lowercase();
        TEST_PASS_PHRASES.iter().any(|p| lower.contains(p))
            && !TEST_FAILURE_LITERAL.iter().any(|p| lower.contains(p))
            && !has_nonzero_failure_count(&lower)
    })
}

// True iff `lower` contains a `NUMERIC_FAILURE_KEYWORDS` token preceded
// (modulo whitespace) by a nonzero integer. The "modulo whitespace" lets
// "1 failed", "1\nfailed", and "1  failed" all trip; the nonzero guard
// keeps cargo's "0 failed" / go's "0 errors" / pytest's "0 errors in"
// summaries from being misread as failures on a clean run.
fn has_nonzero_failure_count(lower: &str) -> bool {
    for kw in NUMERIC_FAILURE_KEYWORDS {
        let mut cursor = 0usize;
        while let Some(rel) = lower[cursor..].find(kw) {
            let kw_start = cursor + rel;
            let kw_end = kw_start + kw.len();
            // Word boundary AFTER the keyword — "errors" mid-word (e.g.
            // "errored") shouldn't count as a failure-count site.
            let boundary_after = lower[kw_end..]
                .chars()
                .next()
                .is_none_or(|c| !c.is_ascii_alphanumeric());
            if boundary_after {
                let prefix = &lower[..kw_start];
                let trimmed = prefix.trim_end_matches(|c: char| c.is_whitespace());
                let digits_rev: String = trimmed
                    .chars()
                    .rev()
                    .take_while(|c| c.is_ascii_digit())
                    .collect();
                if !digits_rev.is_empty() && digits_rev.chars().any(|d| d != '0') {
                    return true;
                }
            }
            cursor = kw_start + kw.len();
        }
    }
    false
}

// ─── tests ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use super::*;
    use crate::algorithms::util::stage::score_signal;
    use serde_json::json;
    use switchyard_protocol::codex_namespaces::TOOL_NAMESPACES_KEY;
    use switchyard_protocol::{
        ContentBlock, LlmRequest, Message, Metadata, Role, ToolCall, ToolResult,
    };

    fn with_messages(messages: Vec<Message>) -> Request {
        Request {
            llm_request: LlmRequest {
                messages,
                ..LlmRequest::default()
            },
            raw_request: None,
            metadata: None,
        }
    }

    // assistant message with a single named tool call
    fn tc(name: &str) -> Message {
        Message {
            role: Role::Assistant,
            content: vec![ContentBlock::ToolCall(ToolCall {
                id: String::new(),
                name: name.to_string(),
                arguments: json!({}),
            })],
        }
    }

    // assistant Bash message carrying `command`
    fn bash(command: &str) -> Message {
        Message {
            role: Role::Assistant,
            content: vec![ContentBlock::ToolCall(ToolCall {
                id: String::new(),
                name: "Bash".to_string(),
                arguments: json!({"command": command}),
            })],
        }
    }

    // a tool result message (goes in a user-role message, as in Anthropic's normalised form)
    fn tr(text: &str) -> Message {
        Message {
            role: Role::User,
            content: vec![ContentBlock::ToolResult(ToolResult {
                tool_call_id: String::new(),
                content: vec![ContentBlock::Text {
                    text: text.to_string(),
                }],
                is_error: None,
            })],
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn user_turn_signals_exclude_old_errors_and_keep_user_role_tool_results() {
        let mut user = Message::text(Role::User, "next");
        user.content.extend(tr("out of memory").content);
        let request = with_messages(vec![tr("out of memory"), user, tr("ok")]);
        let signals = ToolSignalProcessor::default().for_user_turn(&request);
        assert_eq!(signals.tool_result_count, 1);
        assert_eq!(signals.severity, 0.0);
        assert_eq!(signals.turn_depth, 2);
    }

    #[test]
    fn clean_text_has_zero_severity() {
        let (sev, patterns) = classify_text("everything went fine");
        assert_eq!(sev, 0.0);
        assert!(patterns.is_empty());
    }

    #[test]
    fn structured_tool_failures_affect_recovery_signals() {
        for (text, severity) in [
            (r#"{"output":"","exit_code":7,"error":null}"#, SOFT),
            (r#"{"output":"","exit_code":-1,"error":null}"#, SOFT),
            (r#"{"success":false,"error":"No matching text"}"#, HARD),
            (r#"{"success":false,"error":null}"#, HARD),
            (
                r#"{"error":"Overwrite refused","stale_write_blocked":true}"#,
                HARD,
            ),
            (r#"{"output":"out of memory","exit_code":1}"#, CRITICAL),
            (r#"{"output":"done","exit_code":0,"error":null}"#, 0.0),
            (r#"{"success":true,"error":"  "}"#, 0.0),
            (r#"{"output":"running","exit_code":null,"error":null}"#, 0.0),
            (r#"{"output":{"success":false},"exit_code":0}"#, 0.0),
        ] {
            let warned = format!("{text}\n\n[Tool loop warning: repeated identical call]");
            let request = with_messages(vec![tr("5 passed in 0.12s"), tr(text), tr(&warned)]);
            let signal = ToolSignals::from_request(&request, None);
            let clean = severity == 0.0;
            assert_eq!(signal.severity, severity, "{text}");
            assert_eq!(signal.no_error_streak, if clean { 3 } else { 0 }, "{text}");
            assert_eq!(signal.repeated_failure, severity >= HARD, "{text}");
            assert_eq!(signal.tests_passed, clean, "{text}");
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn traceback_is_hard() {
        let (sev, patterns) = classify_text("Traceback (most recent call last):\n  ValueError");
        assert_eq!(sev, HARD);
        assert!(patterns.contains(&"traceback".to_string()));
    }

    #[test]
    fn oom_is_critical() {
        let (sev, _) = classify_text("Out of memory: kill process 1234");
        assert_eq!(sev, CRITICAL);
    }

    #[test]
    fn connection_refused_is_hard() {
        let (severity, _) = classify_text("Connection refused on port 8000");
        assert_eq!(severity, HARD);
    }

    #[test]
    fn repeated_failure_ignores_volatile_paths_and_numbers() {
        let request = with_messages(vec![
            tr("error[E0308]: mismatched types at /tmp/a/src/lib.rs:12"),
            tr("error[E0308]: mismatched types at /tmp/b/src/lib.rs:47"),
        ]);
        assert!(ToolSignals::from_request(&request, None).repeated_failure);
    }

    #[test]
    fn different_failures_are_not_repeated() {
        let request = with_messages(vec![
            tr("error[E0308]: mismatched types"),
            tr("error[E0509]: cannot move out"),
        ]);
        assert!(!ToolSignals::from_request(&request, None).repeated_failure);
    }

    #[test]
    fn one_material_failure_is_not_repeated() {
        let request = with_messages(vec![tr("Connection refused on port 8000")]);
        assert!(!ToolSignals::from_request(&request, None).repeated_failure);
    }

    /// Explicit failures count even without diagnostic text and cannot signal recovery.
    #[test]
    fn structured_tool_failures_feed_error_and_recovery_signals() {
        for text in ["Dependency unavailable", "", "5 passed in 0.12s"] {
            let mut failed = tr(text);
            let ContentBlock::ToolResult(result) = &mut failed.content[0] else {
                panic!("expected tool result");
            };
            result.is_error = Some(true);
            let mut request = with_messages(vec![tr("5 passed in 0.12s"), failed.clone()]);
            let signals = ToolSignals::from_request(&request, Some(3));
            assert_eq!(signals.severity, HARD);
            assert!(!signals.repeated_failure);
            assert_eq!(signals.no_error_streak, 0);
            assert!(!signals.tests_passed);

            request.llm_request.messages.push(failed);
            assert!(ToolSignals::from_request(&request, Some(3)).repeated_failure);
            request.llm_request.messages.push(tr("5 passed in 0.12s"));
            let recovered = ToolSignals::from_request(&request, Some(1));
            assert_eq!(recovered.severity, 0.0);
            assert!(!recovered.repeated_failure);
            assert_eq!(recovered.no_error_streak, 1);
            assert!(recovered.tests_passed);
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn severity_is_max_across_patterns() {
        // exit_nonzero (SOFT) + traceback (HARD) → HARD.
        let (sev, _) = classify_text("exit code 1\nTraceback (most recent call last):");
        assert_eq!(sev, HARD);
    }

    #[test]
    fn codex_process_exit_zero_stays_clean() {
        let (sev, patterns) =
            classify_text("Chunk ID: abc\nProcess exited with code 0\nOutput:\nok");
        assert_eq!(sev, 0.0);
        assert!(!patterns.contains(&"exit_nonzero".to_string()));
    }

    #[test]
    fn nonzero_exit_codes_are_soft_errors() {
        let cases = [
            "Process exited with code 1",
            "Process exited with code 127",
            "exit code: 2",
            "exit status 3",
            "exited with status 9",
        ];
        for case in cases {
            let (sev, patterns) = classify_text(case);
            assert_eq!(sev, SOFT, "expected soft severity for {case}");
            assert!(patterns.contains(&"exit_nonzero".to_string()));
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn partial_process_failures_are_hard_errors() {
        let cases = [
            (
                "Process running with session ID 12\nOutput:\nerror[E0509]: cannot move out",
                "compile_error",
            ),
            (
                "Process exited with code 0\nOutput:\nTypeError: value is undefined\n    at main.js:1:2",
                "runtime_exception",
            ),
            (
                "Process running with session ID 13\nOutput:\npanic: runtime error: index out of range\n\ngoroutine 6 [running]:",
                "runtime_panic",
            ),
            (
                "Process exited with code 0\nOutput:\nerror: patch failed: src/lib.rs:4\nerror: src/lib.rs: patch does not apply",
                "patch_error",
            ),
        ];
        for (text, expected_pattern) in cases {
            let (severity, patterns) = classify_text(text);
            assert_eq!(severity, HARD, "expected hard severity for {text}");
            assert!(patterns.iter().any(|pattern| pattern == expected_pattern));
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn source_text_that_names_exceptions_stays_clean() {
        let text =
            "pub enum TypeError: this is documentation\nlet sample = 'panic: runtime error:';";
        assert_eq!(classify_text(text).0, 0.0);
    }

    #[test]
    fn file_does_not_exist_is_hard() {
        // Claude Code Read-tool miss. Trace-mined addition (22 true / 2 false positives).
        let (sev, patterns) =
            classify_text("Error: File does not exist. Note: current working directory is /app.");
        assert_eq!(sev, HARD);
        assert!(patterns.contains(&"no_such_file".to_string()));
    }

    #[test]
    fn bare_does_not_exist_stays_clean() {
        // Precision guard: only the anchored "file does not exist" fires, so a bare
        // "does not exist" in prose or directory output must not trip a false error.
        let (sev, _) = classify_text("The directory does not exist yet, creating it now.");
        assert_eq!(sev, 0.0);
    }

    #[test]
    fn no_error_streak_all_clean() {
        let texts = vec![("ok".to_string(), false), ("all good".to_string(), false)];
        assert_eq!(compute_no_error_streak(&texts), 2);
    }

    #[test]
    fn no_error_streak_stops_at_error() {
        let texts = vec![
            ("Traceback (most recent call last):".to_string(), false),
            ("ok".to_string(), false),
            ("ok".to_string(), false),
        ];
        assert_eq!(compute_no_error_streak(&texts), 2);
    }

    #[test]
    fn tests_passed_detects_pytest_output() {
        assert!(detect_tests_passed(
            &[("====== 5 passed in 0.12s ======".to_string(), false)],
            DEFAULT_RECENT_WINDOW
        ));
    }

    #[test]
    fn tests_passed_ignores_partial_failures() {
        assert!(!detect_tests_passed(
            &[("2 failed, 5 passed in 0.56s".to_string(), false)],
            DEFAULT_RECENT_WINDOW
        ));
    }

    #[test]
    fn tests_passed_must_follow_the_latest_failure() {
        assert!(!detect_tests_passed(
            &[
                ("5 passed in 0.12s".to_string(), false),
                (
                    "Traceback (most recent call last):\nValueError".to_string(),
                    false
                ),
                ("edit applied".to_string(), false),
            ],
            DEFAULT_RECENT_WINDOW
        ));
        assert!(detect_tests_passed(
            &[
                (
                    "Traceback (most recent call last):\nValueError".to_string(),
                    false
                ),
                ("5 passed in 0.12s".to_string(), false),
            ],
            DEFAULT_RECENT_WINDOW
        ));
    }

    #[test]
    fn retrieved_file_contents_are_ignored() {
        let call = |id: &str, name: &str, arguments: Value| Message {
            role: Role::Assistant,
            content: vec![ContentBlock::ToolCall(ToolCall {
                id: id.to_string(),
                name: name.to_string(),
                arguments,
            })],
        };
        let result = |id: &str, text: &str| Message {
            role: Role::User,
            content: vec![ContentBlock::ToolResult(ToolResult {
                tool_call_id: id.to_string(),
                content: vec![ContentBlock::Text {
                    text: text.to_string(),
                }],
                is_error: None,
            })],
        };
        let signal = extract_tool_signals_with_window(
            &with_messages(vec![
                call("a", "Bash", json!({"command": "pytest"})),
                result("a", "Traceback (most recent call last):\nValueError"),
                call("b", "Read", json!({"file_path": "notes.md"})),
                result(
                    "b",
                    r#"{"success":false,"error":"out of memory","exit_code":7}"#,
                ),
                call("c", "Grep", json!({"pattern": "passed"})),
                result("c", "CHANGELOG.md: all tests passed"),
            ]),
            DEFAULT_RECENT_WINDOW,
        );
        // Only the real pytest run counts.
        assert_eq!(signal.severity, HARD);
        assert!(!signal.tests_passed);
        assert_eq!(signal.tool_result_count, 3);

        for (command, text, severity) in [
            ("cat config.json", r#"{"error":"fixture data"}"#, 0.0),
            (
                "cat missing.json",
                r#"{"output":"","exit_code":7,"error":null}"#,
                SOFT,
            ),
            (
                "cat config.json && python check.py",
                r#"{"error":"check rejected"}"#,
                HARD,
            ),
        ] {
            let request = with_messages(vec![
                call("shell", "Bash", json!({"command": command})),
                result("shell", text),
            ]);
            assert_eq!(
                ToolSignals::from_request(&request, None).severity,
                severity,
                "{text}"
            );
        }
    }

    // A request whose tool result answers the tool call.
    fn call_with_result(mut call: Message, mut result: Message) -> Request {
        if let ContentBlock::ToolCall(call) = &mut call.content[0] {
            call.id = "call-1".into();
        }
        if let ContentBlock::ToolResult(result) = &mut result.content[0] {
            result.tool_call_id = "call-1".into();
        }
        with_messages(vec![call, result])
    }

    #[test]
    fn shell_reads_are_ignored_but_keep_their_window_slot() {
        for command in [
            "/usr/bin/cat logfile.txt",
            "cd /repo && tail -n 100 logfile.txt | grep MemoryError",
            "env MODE=debug timeout 5s rg 'MemoryError' .",
        ] {
            let mut request = call_with_result(bash(command), tr("MemoryError\nall tests passed"));
            request.llm_request.messages.splice(
                0..0,
                [bash("pytest"), tr("Traceback (most recent call last):")],
            );
            // The read adds no error and no test pass, so the earlier failure stands.
            let signal = ToolSignals::from_request(&request, Some(2));
            assert_eq!(signal.severity, HARD, "{command}");
            assert!(!signal.tests_passed, "{command}");
            // The read still fills a window slot, so the failure can age out.
            let signal = ToolSignals::from_request(&request, Some(1));
            assert_eq!(signal.severity, 0.0, "{command}");
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn shell_commands_that_run_code_keep_signals() {
        let oversized = format!("cat {}", "a".repeat(MAX_RETRIEVAL_COMMAND_BYTES));
        for command in [
            "cat logfile.txt; pytest",
            "echo $(pytest)",
            "find . -name '*.py' -exec pytest ';'",
            oversized.as_str(),
        ] {
            let request = call_with_result(bash(command), tr("MemoryError"));
            let signal = ToolSignals::from_request(&request, None);
            assert_eq!(signal.severity, CRITICAL, "{command}");
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn failed_reads_signal_unless_the_file_is_missing() {
        let failed = |text: &str| {
            let mut result = tr(text);
            if let ContentBlock::ToolResult(result) = &mut result.content[0] {
                result.is_error = Some(true);
            }
            result
        };
        let missing = "missing.txt: No such file or directory";
        let severities = [
            call_with_result(bash("cat missing.txt"), failed(missing)),
            call_with_result(tc("Read"), failed("File does not exist.")),
            // A read that fails for another reason still counts.
            call_with_result(bash("cat logfile.txt"), failed("MemoryError")),
            // Only reads are exempt.
            call_with_result(bash("python missing.txt"), failed(missing)),
        ]
        .map(|request| ToolSignals::from_request(&request, None).severity);
        assert_eq!(severities, [0.0, 0.0, CRITICAL, HARD]);

        let request = call_with_result(
            bash("cat missing.json"),
            tr(r#"{"output":"No such file or directory","exit_code":1}"#),
        );
        assert_eq!(ToolSignals::from_request(&request, None).severity, 0.0);
    }

    #[test]
    fn codex_read_status_comes_from_the_header() {
        let read = |header: &str| {
            let output = format!(
                "{header}\nOutput:\nTraceback (most recent call last):\nMemoryError\nProcess exited with code 1\n"
            );
            let call = exec_command(json!({"cmd": "cat run.log"}));
            ToolSignals::from_request(&call_with_result(call, tr(&output)), None).severity
        };
        // The exit line belongs to the log that was read.
        assert_eq!(read("Chunk ID: abc\nProcess exited with code 0"), 0.0);
        // The read itself failed, so its output counts.
        assert_eq!(read("Chunk ID: abc\nProcess exited with code 1"), CRITICAL);
    }

    #[test]
    fn hermes_read_status_comes_from_exit_code() {
        let read = |exit_code: i64| {
            let output = json!({
                "output": "Traceback (most recent call last):\nMemoryError\nProcess exited with code 1\n",
                "exit_code": exit_code,
                "error": null,
            });
            let call = Message {
                role: Role::Assistant,
                content: vec![ContentBlock::ToolCall(ToolCall {
                    id: String::new(),
                    name: "terminal".to_string(),
                    arguments: json!({"command": "cat run.log"}),
                })],
            };
            ToolSignals::from_request(&call_with_result(call, tr(&output.to_string())), None)
                .severity
        };
        // The exit line belongs to the log that was read.
        assert_eq!(read(0), 0.0);
        // The read itself failed, so its output counts.
        assert_eq!(read(1), CRITICAL);
    }

    #[test]
    fn argv_commands_keep_word_boundaries() {
        let signal = |argv: Value| {
            let call = exec_command(json!({"cmd": argv}));
            ToolSignals::from_request(&call_with_result(call, tr("MemoryError")), None)
        };
        let mut many_args = vec![""; MAX_RETRIEVAL_COMMAND_BYTES];
        many_args[0] = "cat";
        let severities = [
            json!(["bash", "-lc", "cd repo && rg foo"]),
            json!(["bash", "-lc", "cat log; pytest"]),
            // One argv word is one file name, even with a separator in it.
            json!(["cat", "log; pytest"]),
            // Over the byte budget, by size and by argument count.
            json!(["cat", "a".repeat(MAX_RETRIEVAL_COMMAND_BYTES)]),
            json!(many_args),
        ]
        .map(|argv| signal(argv).severity);
        assert_eq!(severities, [0.0, CRITICAL, 0.0, CRITICAL, CRITICAL]);
        // A read is an observation, even as a whole `-lc` script.
        let read = signal(json!(["bash", "-lc", "sed -n 1,200p x"]));
        assert_eq!(read.read_count, 1);
        // Other commands are counted inside the script too.
        let write = signal(json!(["bash", "-lc", "cd repo && mkdir x"]));
        assert_eq!(write.write_count, 1);
    }

    #[test]
    fn severity_is_windowed_over_recent_results() {
        // An error two results back, then two clean results.
        let request = with_messages(vec![
            tr("Traceback (most recent call last):\n  ValueError"),
            tr("ok"),
            tr("ok"),
        ]);
        // window covers the error → severity persists (max over the window)
        assert_eq!(extract_tool_signals_with_window(&request, 3).severity, HARD);
        // window of 1 sees only the last (clean) result → severity has decayed out
        assert_eq!(extract_tool_signals_with_window(&request, 1).severity, 0.0);
    }

    #[test]
    fn extract_openai_chat_tool_results() {
        let request = with_messages(vec![
            Message::text(Role::User, "do something"),
            tc("Edit"),
            tr("Traceback (most recent call last):\n  ValueError"),
        ]);
        let sig = ToolSignals::from_request(&request, None);
        assert_eq!(sig.severity, HARD);
        assert_eq!(sig.edit_count, 1);
        assert_eq!(sig.turn_depth, 3);
    }

    #[test]
    fn extract_anthropic_tool_results() {
        let request = with_messages(vec![tr("Traceback (most recent call last):\n  ValueError")]);
        let sig = ToolSignals::from_request(&request, None);
        assert_eq!(sig.severity, HARD);
    }

    #[test]
    fn extract_responses_api_tool_results() {
        let request = with_messages(vec![tc("Write"), tr("file written successfully")]);
        let sig = ToolSignals::from_request(&request, None);
        assert_eq!(sig.severity, 0.0);
        assert_eq!(sig.write_count, 1);
    }

    #[test]
    fn responses_builtin_tool_failures_escalate() {
        use crate::algorithms::util::stage::{PickOutcome, PickerMode, Tier, pick_tier};

        let mut cases = Vec::new();
        for (status, output) in [
            (
                "failed",
                "Synthetic dependency unavailable; retry with the recovery path.",
            ),
            (
                "completed",
                "Synthetic dependency unavailable; retry with the recovery path.",
            ),
            ("failed", ""),
        ] {
            cases.push((
                json!({
                    "type": "apply_patch_call_output",
                    "status": status,
                    "output": output,
                }),
                if status == "failed" { HARD } else { 0.0 },
            ));
        }
        for (outcome, stdout, stderr, severity) in [
            (json!({"type": "exit", "exit_code": 1}), "", "", SOFT),
            (json!({"type": "exit", "exit_code": 1}), "", " \n", SOFT),
            (
                json!({"type": "exit", "exit_code": 1}),
                "",
                "command failed",
                HARD,
            ),
            (json!({"type": "timeout"}), "", "", HARD),
            (json!({"type": "exit", "exit_code": 0}), "done", "", 0.0),
            (
                json!({"type": "exit", "exit_code": 0}),
                "Traceback (most recent call last):",
                "",
                HARD,
            ),
            (
                json!({"type": "exit", "exit_code": 0}),
                "",
                "Traceback (most recent call last):",
                HARD,
            ),
        ] {
            cases.push((
                json!({
                    "type": "shell_call_output",
                    "output": [
                        {"stdout": stdout, "stderr": stderr, "outcome": outcome},
                        {"stdout": "", "stderr": "", "outcome": {"type": "exit", "exit_code": 0}}
                    ],
                }),
                severity,
            ));
        }
        for (raw, severity) in cases {
            let is_error = severity >= HARD;
            let mut request = with_messages(
                ["call_1", "call_2"]
                    .into_iter()
                    .map(|call_id| {
                        let mut raw = raw.clone();
                        raw["call_id"] = json!(call_id);
                        Message {
                            role: Role::User,
                            content: vec![ContentBlock::Unknown {
                                provider: WireFormat::OpenAiResponses.into(),
                                raw,
                            }],
                        }
                    })
                    .collect(),
            );
            let signal = ToolSignals::from_request(&request, Some(3));
            assert_eq!(signal.severity, severity, "{raw}");
            assert_eq!(signal.repeated_failure, is_error, "{raw}");
            assert_eq!(signal.tool_result_count, 2);
            assert_eq!(
                matches!(
                    pick_tier(&signal, PickerMode::EfficientFirst, 0.5),
                    PickOutcome::Resolved {
                        tier: Tier::Capable,
                        ..
                    }
                ),
                is_error,
                "{raw}"
            );

            let mut success = match raw["type"].as_str() {
                Some("apply_patch_call_output") => json!({
                    "type": "apply_patch_call_output", "status": "completed", "output": ""
                }),
                Some("shell_call_output") => json!({
                    "type": "shell_call_output",
                    "output": [{"stdout": "", "stderr": "", "outcome": {"type": "exit", "exit_code": 0}}]
                }),
                _ => unreachable!(),
            };
            for index in 0..3 {
                success["call_id"] = json!(format!("success_{index}"));
                request.llm_request.messages.push(Message {
                    role: Role::User,
                    content: vec![ContentBlock::Unknown {
                        provider: WireFormat::OpenAiResponses.into(),
                        raw: success.clone(),
                    }],
                });
            }
            let recovered = ToolSignals::from_request(&request, Some(3));
            assert_eq!(recovered.severity, 0.0, "{raw}");
            assert!(!recovered.repeated_failure, "{raw}");
            assert!(recovered.no_error_streak >= 3, "{raw}");
            assert_eq!(recovered.tool_result_count, 5);
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn conversation_counts_are_per_block_and_role_aware() {
        // A batched user message (Anthropic shape) contributes one count per
        // ToolResult block, empty-content results included. assistant_turn_count
        // tracks Role::Assistant only, while turn_depth counts every message.
        let result = |content: Vec<ContentBlock>| {
            ContentBlock::ToolResult(ToolResult {
                tool_call_id: String::new(),
                content,
                is_error: None,
            })
        };
        let request = with_messages(vec![
            Message::text(Role::User, "do something"),
            Message::text(Role::Assistant, "working"),
            Message {
                role: Role::User,
                content: vec![
                    result(vec![ContentBlock::Text {
                        text: "ok".to_string(),
                    }]),
                    result(Vec::new()),
                ],
            },
            tc("Bash"),
        ]);
        let sig = ToolSignals::from_request(&request, None);
        assert_eq!(sig.tool_result_count, 2);
        assert_eq!(sig.assistant_turn_count, 2);
        assert_eq!(sig.turn_depth, 4);
    }

    #[test]
    fn recent_window_counts_only_last_default_window_tool_calls() {
        // 5 writes + 1 edit at the end → the default window (3) should see
        // the last 3 calls: 1 edit + 2 writes (not all 6 calls).
        let request = with_messages(vec![
            tc("Write"),
            tr("ok"),
            tc("Write"),
            tr("ok"),
            tc("Write"),
            tr("ok"),
            tc("Write"),
            tr("ok"),
            tc("Write"),
            tr("ok"),
            tc("Edit"),
            tr("ok"),
        ]);
        let sig = ToolSignals::from_request(&request, None);
        assert_eq!(sig.write_count, 5);
        assert_eq!(sig.edit_count, 1);
        assert_eq!(sig.recent_write_count, 2);
        assert_eq!(sig.recent_edit_count, 1);
    }

    #[test]
    fn codex_apply_patch_counts_as_an_edit() {
        let request = with_messages(vec![tc("apply_patch"), tr("Success. Updated the file")]);
        let sig = ToolSignals::from_request(&request, None);
        assert_eq!(sig.edit_count, 1);
        assert_eq!(sig.recent_edit_count, 1);
    }

    fn exec_command(cmd: Value) -> Message {
        Message {
            role: Role::Assistant,
            content: vec![ContentBlock::ToolCall(ToolCall {
                id: String::new(),
                name: "exec_command".to_string(),
                arguments: cmd,
            })],
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn codex_exec_command_is_classified() {
        // arguments arrive as a JSON string, with the command under `cmd`
        let args = json!(r#"{"cmd":"sed -i s/a/b/ src/lib.rs","workdir":"/x"}"#);
        let request = with_messages(vec![exec_command(args), tr("ok")]);
        assert_eq!(
            ToolSignals::from_request(&request, None).recent_edit_count,
            1
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn python_write_expressions_need_a_python_command() {
        let write = with_messages(vec![
            exec_command(json!({"cmd": "python3 - <<'PY'\np.write_text(s)\nPY"})),
            tr("ok"),
        ]);
        assert_eq!(
            ToolSignals::from_request(&write, None).recent_write_count,
            1
        );

        let search = with_messages(vec![
            exec_command(json!({"cmd": "grep -R '.write(' src"})),
            tr("ok"),
        ]);
        assert_eq!(
            ToolSignals::from_request(&search, None).recent_write_count,
            0
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn recent_window_size_is_caller_overridable() {
        // Same six tool calls (1 edit at the end, 5 writes before).
        // With recent_window=3 → recent_writes=2, recent_edits=1.
        // With recent_window=6 → recent_writes=5, recent_edits=1 (all calls).
        let request = with_messages(vec![
            tc("Write"),
            tr("ok"),
            tc("Write"),
            tr("ok"),
            tc("Write"),
            tr("ok"),
            tc("Write"),
            tr("ok"),
            tc("Write"),
            tr("ok"),
            tc("Edit"),
            tr("ok"),
        ]);
        let narrow = extract_tool_signals_with_window(&request, 3);
        assert_eq!(narrow.recent_write_count, 2);
        assert_eq!(narrow.recent_edit_count, 1);

        let wide = extract_tool_signals_with_window(&request, 6);
        assert_eq!(wide.recent_write_count, 5);
        assert_eq!(wide.recent_edit_count, 1);
    }

    #[test]
    fn compaction_marker_sets_compacted() {
        // The compaction summary is a user message carrying Claude Code's preamble.
        let request = with_messages(vec![
            Message::text(
                Role::User,
                "This session is being continued from a previous conversation that ran out of context.",
            ),
            Message::text(Role::User, "Continue with the next task"),
            bash("ls"),
        ]);
        assert!(ToolSignals::from_request(&request, None).compacted);
        assert!(
            ToolSignalProcessor::default()
                .for_user_turn(&request)
                .compacted
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn hermes_compaction_headers_set_compacted() {
        for header in [
            "[CONTEXT COMPACTION \u{2014} REFERENCE ONLY] Earlier turns were compacted into the summary below.",
            "[STILL IN PROGRESS \u{2014} this is the active request, restated after the compaction boundary because it was not finished yet. Continue it\u{3b} do not start over.]",
        ] {
            for role in [Role::User, Role::Assistant] {
                let request = with_messages(vec![
                    Message::text(role, format!("{header}\nContinue the task.")),
                    bash("ls"),
                ]);
                assert!(ToolSignals::from_request(&request, None).compacted);
            }
            let request = with_messages(vec![Message::text(
                Role::User,
                format!("Prior context.\n\n  {header}\nContinue the task."),
            )]);
            assert!(ToolSignals::from_request(&request, None).compacted);
            let request = with_messages(vec![tr(header)]);
            assert!(!ToolSignals::from_request(&request, None).compacted);
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn ordinary_compaction_text_stays_uncompacted() {
        for text in [
            "The task is still in progress after the compaction boundary.",
            "Explain [CONTEXT COMPACTION \u{2014} REFERENCE ONLY] in the docs.",
            "[STILL IN PROGRESS] Continue the task.",
        ] {
            let request = with_messages(vec![Message::text(Role::User, text)]);
            assert!(!ToolSignals::from_request(&request, None).compacted);
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn codex_compaction_metadata_stays_on_parent_route() {
        let mut request = with_messages(vec![bash("ls")]);
        request.metadata = Some(Metadata {
            is_subagent: true,
            agent_kind: Some("compact".to_string()),
            ..Default::default()
        });
        assert!(!ToolSignals::from_request(&request, None).compacted);
    }

    #[test]
    fn no_compaction_marker_stays_uncompacted() {
        let request = with_messages(vec![
            Message::text(Role::User, "Write a script that parses the log file."),
            bash("ls"),
        ]);
        assert!(!ToolSignals::from_request(&request, None).compacted);
    }

    #[test]
    fn bash_heredoc_counts_as_write() {
        // Claude Code's pattern on TB 2.0 — write a scratch file via heredoc.
        let request = with_messages(vec![bash("cat > /tmp/test.py <<'EOF'\nprint(1)\nEOF")]);
        let sig = ToolSignals::from_request(&request, None);
        assert_eq!(
            sig.write_count, 1,
            "Bash heredoc should bucket into write_count"
        );
        assert_eq!(sig.edit_count, 0);
    }

    #[test]
    fn bash_sed_inplace_counts_as_edit() {
        let request = with_messages(vec![bash("sed -i 's/foo/bar/g' /app/file.py")]);
        let sig = ToolSignals::from_request(&request, None);
        assert_eq!(
            sig.edit_count, 1,
            "Bash sed -i should bucket into edit_count"
        );
        assert_eq!(sig.write_count, 0);
    }

    #[test]
    fn bash_non_mutating_does_not_count() {
        // ls, cat, grep — should not increment either counter.
        let request = with_messages(vec![bash("ls -la /app"), bash("cat /app/main.py")]);
        let sig = ToolSignals::from_request(&request, None);
        assert_eq!(sig.write_count, 0);
        assert_eq!(sig.edit_count, 0);
    }

    #[test]
    fn tests_passed_detects_pytest_with_failure_block() {
        // Mixed pytest run: 2 failed + 5 passed → NOT considered tests_passed.
        assert!(!detect_tests_passed(
            &[("2 failed, 5 passed in 0.56s".to_string(), false)],
            DEFAULT_RECENT_WINDOW
        ));
    }

    #[test]
    fn tests_passed_accepts_cargo_clean_summary() {
        // Cargo's clean-run summary contains "0 failed" — must not trip the
        // failure list (regression: previously substring-matched "failed").
        assert!(detect_tests_passed(
            &[(
                "running 3 tests\ntest result: ok. 3 passed; 0 failed; 0 ignored".to_string(),
                false
            )],
            DEFAULT_RECENT_WINDOW
        ));
    }

    #[test]
    fn tests_passed_rejects_cargo_real_failure() {
        // Cargo's actual-failure summary: nonzero count before "failed".
        assert!(!detect_tests_passed(
            &[(
                "running 3 tests\ntest result: FAILED. 2 passed; 1 failed; 0 ignored".to_string(),
                false
            )],
            DEFAULT_RECENT_WINDOW
        ));
    }

    #[test]
    fn tests_passed_accepts_go_clean_summary() {
        // Go test's clean-run "0 errors" must not trip (regression).
        assert!(detect_tests_passed(
            &[(
                "ok  github.com/foo/bar\t0.012s (5 passed, 0 errors)".to_string(),
                false
            )],
            DEFAULT_RECENT_WINDOW
        ));
    }

    #[test]
    fn tests_passed_accepts_pytest_zero_errors() {
        // Pytest long-form: "0 errors in 0.3s" on a clean run.
        assert!(detect_tests_passed(
            &[("5 passed, 0 errors in 0.30s".to_string(), false)],
            DEFAULT_RECENT_WINDOW
        ));
    }

    #[test]
    fn tests_passed_detects_diy_checkmark() {
        assert!(detect_tests_passed(
            &[("✓ all checks passed".to_string(), false)],
            DEFAULT_RECENT_WINDOW
        ));
    }

    #[test]
    fn anthropic_bash_heredoc_extracts_command() {
        // Anthropic format: tool_use.input is an object, not a JSON string.
        let request = with_messages(vec![bash("cat > /tmp/foo.txt << 'EOF'\nhi\nEOF")]);
        let sig = ToolSignals::from_request(&request, None);
        assert_eq!(
            sig.write_count, 1,
            "Anthropic Bash heredoc must also be detected"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn recent_window_falls_back_to_full_history_when_short() {
        let request = with_messages(vec![tc("Write")]);
        let sig = ToolSignals::from_request(&request, None);
        assert_eq!(sig.recent_write_count, 1);
        assert_eq!(sig.recent_edit_count, 0);
    }

    #[test]
    fn clean_tool_result_has_zero_severity_and_non_empty_streak() {
        let request = with_messages(vec![tr("output ok"), tr("another ok")]);
        let sig = ToolSignals::from_request(&request, None);
        assert_eq!(sig.severity, 0.0);
        assert_eq!(sig.no_error_streak, 2);
    }

    // ─── asymmetric-signal extensions ────────────────────────────────────

    #[test]
    fn todowrite_classifies_as_plan() {
        assert_eq!(classify_tool_call("TodoWrite", None), ToolSemantic::Plan);
        assert_eq!(classify_tool_call("todo_write", None), ToolSemantic::Plan);
    }

    #[test]
    fn codex_update_plan_classifies_as_plan() {
        assert_eq!(classify_tool_call("update_plan", None), ToolSemantic::Plan);
    }

    #[test]
    fn codex_shell_command_runs_bash_pattern_match() {
        // shell_command + heredoc -> Write.
        assert_eq!(
            classify_tool_call("shell_command", Some("cat > /app/foo.py <<'eof'\nx=1\neof")),
            ToolSemantic::Mutate(MutationKind::Write),
        );
        // shell_command + read-like inspection -> Read.
        assert_eq!(
            classify_tool_call("shell_command", Some("ls /app")),
            ToolSemantic::Observe,
        );
        // shell_command without matching patterns -> Unknown.
        assert_eq!(
            classify_tool_call("shell_command", Some("./run_tests.sh")),
            ToolSemantic::Unknown,
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn text_editor_view_is_a_read() {
        for name in ["str_replace_based_edit_tool", "text_editor"] {
            assert_eq!(
                classify_tool_call(name, Some("view")),
                ToolSemantic::Observe
            );
            for command in [
                Some("create"),
                Some("insert"),
                Some("str_replace"),
                Some("undo_edit"),
                None,
            ] {
                assert_eq!(
                    classify_tool_call(name, command),
                    ToolSemantic::Mutate(MutationKind::Edit),
                );
            }
        }

        let arguments = [
            json!({"command": "view", "path": "/app/main.py"}),
            // the Responses wire format sends arguments as a JSON string
            json!(r#"{"command":"view","path":"/app/main.py"}"#),
        ];
        for arguments in arguments {
            let call = Message {
                role: Role::Assistant,
                content: vec![ContentBlock::ToolCall(ToolCall {
                    id: String::new(),
                    name: "str_replace_based_edit_tool".to_string(),
                    arguments,
                })],
            };
            let request = with_messages(vec![call, tr("print('hi')")]);
            let sig = ToolSignals::from_request(&request, None);
            assert_eq!(sig.read_count, 1);
            assert_eq!(sig.recent_read_count, 1);
            assert_eq!(sig.edit_count, 0);
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn read_tool_classifies_as_read() {
        assert_eq!(classify_tool_call("Read", None), ToolSemantic::Observe);
        assert_eq!(classify_tool_call("View", None), ToolSemantic::Observe);
    }

    #[test]
    fn hermes_tool_names_classify() {
        // Hermes (NousResearch) file tools route by name.
        assert_eq!(
            classify_tool_call("write_file", None),
            ToolSemantic::Mutate(MutationKind::Write)
        );
        assert_eq!(
            classify_tool_call("patch", None),
            ToolSemantic::Mutate(MutationKind::Edit)
        );
        assert_eq!(classify_tool_call("read_file", None), ToolSemantic::Observe);
        assert_eq!(
            classify_tool_call("search_files", None),
            ToolSemantic::Observe
        );
        // Hermes runs shell through `terminal`, which carries a `command` arg,
        // so its intent comes from the Bash-pattern match like codex's shell_command.
        assert_eq!(
            classify_tool_call("terminal", Some("sed -i 's/a/b/' /app/x.py")),
            ToolSemantic::Mutate(MutationKind::Edit),
        );
        assert_eq!(
            classify_tool_call("terminal", Some("grep foo /app")),
            ToolSemantic::Observe,
        );
        assert_eq!(
            classify_tool_call("terminal", Some("./run_tests.sh")),
            ToolSemantic::Unknown,
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn bash_read_patterns_classify_as_read() {
        let cases = [
            "cat /etc/passwd",
            "grep foo bar.txt",
            "ls /app",
            "find . -name '*.py'",
        ];
        for cmd in cases {
            assert_eq!(
                classify_tool_call("Bash", Some(cmd)),
                ToolSemantic::Observe,
                "expected Read for {cmd}"
            );
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn codex_inspection_commands_classify_as_read() {
        let cases = [
            "sed -n '1,80p' src/lib.rs",
            "rg -n 'needle' src",
            "nl -ba src/lib.rs",
            "cat package.json",
            "jq '.scripts' package.json",
            "git status --short",
            "git log --oneline -5",
            "git show HEAD:src/lib.rs",
            "git branch --show-current",
            "git remote -v",
            "git config --get remote.origin.url",
        ];
        for command in cases {
            assert_eq!(
                classify_tool_call("exec_command", Some(command)),
                ToolSemantic::Observe,
                "expected Read for {command}"
            );
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn quoted_shell_separators_do_not_create_commands() {
        for command in ["rg 'foo|rm obsolete.rs'", "rg \"foo; rm obsolete.rs\""] {
            assert_eq!(
                classify_tool_call("exec_command", Some(command)),
                ToolSemantic::Observe,
                "quoted text must not be parsed as a command: {command}"
            );
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn codex_shell_mutations_classify_as_production() {
        let writes = [
            "cp source.rs destination.rs",
            "mkdir -p src/generated",
            "touch src/generated/mod.rs",
            "git show HEAD:file.rs > file.rs",
            "node <<'node'\nfs.writefilesync('file.js', text)\nnode",
        ];
        for command in writes {
            assert_eq!(
                classify_tool_call("exec_command", Some(command)),
                ToolSemantic::Mutate(MutationKind::Write),
                "expected Write for {command}"
            );
        }

        let edits = [
            "mv old.rs new.rs",
            "rm obsolete.rs",
            "gofmt -w main.go",
            "cargo fmt",
            "ruff check --fix src",
            "perl -0pi -e 's/old/new/' src/lib.rs",
            "npx prettier --write src/lib.ts",
            "uv run ruff format src",
            "git apply fix.patch",
        ];
        for command in edits {
            assert_eq!(
                classify_tool_call("exec_command", Some(command)),
                ToolSemantic::Mutate(MutationKind::Edit),
                "expected Edit for {command}"
            );
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn formatter_checks_are_not_edits() {
        for command in [
            "cargo fmt --check",
            "ruff format --check src",
            "black --check src",
        ] {
            assert_ne!(
                classify_tool_call("exec_command", Some(command)),
                ToolSemantic::Mutate(MutationKind::Edit),
                "read-only formatter check must not be Edit: {command}"
            );
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn embedded_comparison_is_not_a_shell_write() {
        let command = "node <<'node'\nif (index > 0) console.log(index)\nnode";
        assert_eq!(
            classify_tool_call("exec_command", Some(command)),
            ToolSemantic::Unknown
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn bash_write_precedence_over_read() {
        // `cat /file > out` contains both `cat /` (read) and ` > ` (write);
        // write redirection must win.
        assert_eq!(
            classify_tool_call("Bash", Some("cat /etc/hosts > /tmp/out")),
            ToolSemantic::Mutate(MutationKind::Write),
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn pure_bash_streak_counts_trailing_other() {
        // 5 trailing non-classified Bash calls → streak == 5.
        let request = with_messages(vec![
            bash("make"),
            tr("ok"),
            bash("./configure"),
            tr("ok"),
            bash("make install"),
            tr("ok"),
            bash("./run.sh"),
            tr("ok"),
            bash("./test"),
            tr("ok"),
        ]);
        let sig = ToolSignals::from_request(&request, None);
        assert_eq!(sig.pure_bash_streak, 5);
        assert_eq!(sig.write_count, 0);
        assert_eq!(sig.read_count, 0);
    }

    #[test]
    fn pure_bash_streak_resets_on_write() {
        let request = with_messages(vec![bash("make"), tr("ok"), tc("Write"), tr("ok")]);
        let sig = ToolSignals::from_request(&request, None);
        assert_eq!(sig.pure_bash_streak, 0);
        assert_eq!(sig.write_count, 1);
    }

    #[test]
    fn recent_window_tracks_todowrite_and_read() {
        // Final 3 tool calls: TodoWrite, Read, TodoWrite.
        let request = with_messages(vec![
            bash("make"),
            tr("ok"),
            tc("TodoWrite"),
            tr("ok"),
            tc("Read"),
            tr("ok"),
            tc("TodoWrite"),
            tr("ok"),
        ]);
        let sig = ToolSignals::from_request(&request, None);
        assert_eq!(sig.todowrite_count, 2);
        assert_eq!(sig.recent_todowrite_count, 2);
        assert_eq!(sig.read_count, 1);
        assert_eq!(sig.recent_read_count, 1);
    }

    #[test]
    fn configured_tool_semantics_extend_the_builtin_vocabulary() {
        let semantics = ToolSemantics {
            observe: vec!["KB_search".to_string()],
            mutate: vec!["send_payment_request".to_string()],
            plan: vec!["create_research_plan".to_string()],
            new: vec!["send_message_to_user".to_string()],
        };
        semantics.validate().expect("valid additive semantics");
        let request = with_messages(vec![
            tc("Read"),
            tc("Write"),
            tc("TodoWrite"),
            tc("kb_SEARCH"),
            tc("send_payment_request"),
            tc("create_research_plan"),
            tc("send_message_to_user"),
            tc("unlisted_tool"),
        ]);

        let signal = ToolSignals::from_request_with_semantics(&request, None, &semantics);

        assert_eq!(signal.read_count, 2);
        assert_eq!(signal.write_count, 2);
        assert_eq!(signal.todowrite_count, 2);
        assert_eq!(signal.new_count, 1);
        assert_eq!(signal.recent_new_count, 1);
        assert_eq!(signal.pure_bash_streak, 1);
    }

    #[test]
    fn configured_tool_semantics_match_namespaced_and_mcp_tools() {
        // The Responses decoder flattens namespaced tools and records the mapping.
        let mut request = with_messages(vec![tc("mcp__billing__send_payment_request")]);
        request.llm_request.extensions.fields.insert(
            TOOL_NAMESPACES_KEY.to_string(),
            json!({"mcp__billing__send_payment_request": "mcp__billing"}),
        );

        // Claude Code sends MCP tools flat, with no namespace mapping.
        let claude_request = with_messages(vec![tc("mcp__billing__send_payment_request")]);

        for request in [&request, &claude_request] {
            for name in ["send_payment_request", "mcp__billing__send_payment_request"] {
                let semantics = ToolSemantics {
                    mutate: vec![name.to_string()],
                    ..Default::default()
                };
                let signal = ToolSignals::from_request_with_semantics(request, None, &semantics);
                assert_eq!(signal.write_count, 1, "{name}");
            }
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn configured_tool_semantics_only_fold_ascii_case() {
        let semantics = ToolSemantics {
            observe: vec!["kb_search".to_string()],
            ..Default::default()
        };

        assert_eq!(
            classify_tool_call_with_semantics("KB_SEARCH", None, &semantics),
            ToolSemantic::Observe
        );
        // U+212A lowercases to ASCII `k` under Unicode rules, but custom names
        // intentionally ignore only ASCII case.
        assert_eq!(
            classify_tool_call_with_semantics("KB_SEARCH", None, &semantics),
            ToolSemantic::Unknown
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn custom_semantics_preserve_builtin_unicode_lowercasing() {
        let semantics = ToolSemantics {
            observe: vec!["lookup_customer".to_string()],
            ..Default::default()
        };

        // This matched the built-in `notebookedit` before custom semantics existed.
        assert_eq!(
            classify_tool_call_with_semantics("notebooKedit", None, &semantics),
            ToolSemantic::Mutate(MutationKind::Edit)
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn configured_semantics_never_replace_builtin_classifications() {
        let semantics = ToolSemantics {
            observe: vec!["lookup_customer".to_string()],
            mutate: vec!["send_payment".to_string()],
            plan: vec!["create_workflow".to_string()],
            new: vec!["send_message".to_string()],
        };

        for name in WRITE_TOOL_NAMES {
            assert_eq!(
                classify_tool_call_with_semantics(name, None, &semantics),
                ToolSemantic::Mutate(MutationKind::Write),
                "write tool {name:?} changed classification"
            );
        }
        for name in EDIT_TOOL_NAMES {
            assert_eq!(
                classify_tool_call_with_semantics(name, None, &semantics),
                ToolSemantic::Mutate(MutationKind::Edit),
                "edit tool {name:?} changed classification"
            );
        }
        for name in READ_TOOL_NAMES {
            assert_eq!(
                classify_tool_call_with_semantics(name, None, &semantics),
                ToolSemantic::Observe,
                "read tool {name:?} changed classification"
            );
        }
        for name in PLAN_TOOL_NAMES {
            assert_eq!(
                classify_tool_call_with_semantics(name, None, &semantics),
                ToolSemantic::Plan,
                "plan tool {name:?} changed classification"
            );
        }

        for (command, expected) in [
            ("cat /tmp/input", ToolSemantic::Observe),
            (
                "cat /tmp/input > /tmp/output",
                ToolSemantic::Mutate(MutationKind::Write),
            ),
            (
                "sed -i 's/a/b/' /tmp/file",
                ToolSemantic::Mutate(MutationKind::Edit),
            ),
            ("./run_tests.sh", ToolSemantic::Unknown),
        ] {
            assert_eq!(
                classify_tool_call_with_semantics("BASH", Some(command), &semantics),
                expected,
                "bash command {command:?} changed classification"
            );
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn configured_semantics_score_like_their_builtin_equivalents() {
        let semantics = ToolSemantics {
            observe: vec!["lookup_customer".to_string()],
            mutate: vec!["send_payment".to_string()],
            plan: vec!["create_workflow".to_string()],
            ..Default::default()
        };

        for (builtin, configured) in [
            ("Read", "lookup_customer"),
            ("Write", "send_payment"),
            ("TodoWrite", "create_workflow"),
        ] {
            let messages_before_tool = || {
                vec![
                    Message::text(Role::User, "start"),
                    Message::text(Role::Assistant, "working"),
                    Message::text(Role::User, "continue"),
                    Message::text(Role::Assistant, "working"),
                    Message::text(Role::User, "continue"),
                    Message::text(Role::Assistant, "working"),
                    Message::text(Role::User, "continue"),
                ]
            };
            let mut builtin_messages = messages_before_tool();
            builtin_messages.push(tc(builtin));
            let mut configured_messages = messages_before_tool();
            configured_messages.push(tc(configured));

            let builtin_score = score_signal(&ToolSignals::from_request(
                &with_messages(builtin_messages),
                None,
            ));
            let configured_score = score_signal(&ToolSignals::from_request_with_semantics(
                &with_messages(configured_messages),
                None,
                &semantics,
            ));

            assert_ne!(
                builtin_score.score, 0.0,
                "the {builtin:?} control must exercise a scoring dimension"
            );
            assert_eq!(
                configured_score, builtin_score,
                "configured tool {configured:?} must score exactly like {builtin:?}"
            );
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn tool_semantics_reject_duplicates_and_builtin_reclassification() {
        let duplicate = ToolSemantics {
            observe: vec!["lookup".to_string()],
            mutate: vec!["LOOKUP".to_string()],
            ..Default::default()
        };
        assert!(
            duplicate
                .validate()
                .expect_err("duplicate should fail")
                .to_string()
                .contains("appears in both")
        );

        let builtin = ToolSemantics {
            new: vec!["write_file".to_string()],
            ..Default::default()
        };
        assert!(
            builtin
                .validate()
                .expect_err("built-in should fail")
                .to_string()
                .contains("built-in semantics")
        );

        let empty = ToolSemantics {
            observe: vec![" \t".to_string()],
            ..Default::default()
        };
        assert!(
            empty
                .validate()
                .expect_err("empty name should fail")
                .to_string()
                .contains("empty tool name")
        );
    }
}